The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cognitive Resources and the GDT
1.2. Working Memory, Age, and GDT
1.3. Personality and the GDT
1.4. Risky Primes and the GDT
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Prime and Risk-Taking
Age Group | Risk-Seeking | Risk-Aversive | Control | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Young Adults | M = 16.50 | M = 20.33 | M = 19.44 | M = 18.77 |
SD = 12.29 | SD = 13.02 | SD = 12.24 | SD = 12.45 | |
Older Adults | M = 14.90 | M = 15.00 | M = 10.89 | M = 13.69 |
SD = 10.87 | SD = 13.62 | SD = 20.48 | SD = 15.16 | |
Total | M = 15.77 | M = 17.91 | M = 15.86 | |
SD = 11.56 | SD = 13.41 | SD = 16.54 |
3.2. Money Total on the GDT
Age Group | Risk-Seeking | Risk-Aversive | Control | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Young Adults | M = −795.83 | M = −416.67 | M = −76.00 | M = −424.66 |
SD = 4531.58 | SD = 3355.42 | SD = 2708.52 | SD = 3562.29 | |
Older Adults | M = −800.00 | M = −345.00 | M = −2538.89 | M = −1182.76 |
SD = 3095.67 | SD = 2832.24 | SD = 5367.78 | SD = 3916.64 | |
Total | M = −797.73 | M = −384.09 | M = −1106.98 | |
SD = 3901.07 | SD = 3093.20 | SD = 4167.24 |
3.3. Personality
Measure | GDT | Money Total | Age | WM | Extraversion | Conscietousness | Openness | Agreeableness | Neuroticism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDT | 1 | 0.707 ** | −0.195 * | 0.264 ** | −0.013 | −0.152 | −0.111 | 0.047 | −0.093 |
Money Total | 1 | −0.098 | 0.212 * | −0.109 | −0.156 | −0.106 | −0.077 | −0.083 | |
Age | 1 | −0.703 ** | −0.198 | 0.345 ** | 0.104 | 0.124 | 0.070 | ||
WM | 1 | 0.027 | −0.236 ** | −0.014 | −0.141 | −0.030 | |||
Extraversion | 1 | 0.075 | 0.117 | 0.116 | −0.252 ** | ||||
Conscientiousness | 1 | 0.168 | 0.453 ** | −0.243 ** | |||||
Openness | 1 | 0.134 | −0.124 | ||||||
Agreeable-ness | 1 | −0.464 ** | |||||||
Neuroticism | 1 |
Measure | GDT | Money Total | WM | Extraversion | Conscietousness | Openness | Agreeableness | Neuroticism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDT | 1 | 0.763 ** | 0.279 * | −0.286 * | −0.010 | −0.017 | 0.073 | −0.176 |
Money Total | 1 | 0.235 * | −0.269 * | −0.080 | −0.063 | 0.026 | −0.181 | |
WM | 1 | −0.222 | −0.018 | 0.007 | −0.093 | 0.106 | ||
Extraversion | 1 | 0.195 | 0.144 | 0.154 | −0.232 * | |||
Conscientiousness | 1 | 0.009 | 0.424 ** | −0.208 | ||||
Openness | 1 | 0.103 | −0.108 | |||||
Agreeable-ness | 1 | −0.460 ** | ||||||
Neuroticism | 1 |
Measure | GDT | Money Total | WM | Extraversion | Conscietousness | Openness | Agreeableness | Neuroticism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDT | 1 | 0.651 ** | 0.073 | 0.177 | −0.204 | −0.179 | 0.062 | −0.023 |
Money Total | 1 | 0.154 | 0.016 | −0.198 | −0.138 | −0.176 | 0.048 | |
WM | 1 | −0.051 | 0.020 | 0.212 | −0.116 | −0.075 | ||
Extraversion | 1 | 0.104 | 0.132 | 0.125 | −0.247 | |||
Conscientiousness | 1 | 0.343 ** | 0.480 ** | −0.414 ** | ||||
Openness | 1 | 0.156 | −0.164 | |||||
Agreeable-ness | 1 | −0.502 ** | ||||||
Neuroticism | 1 |
Measure | GDT | Money Total | Age | WM | Ethical | Social | Finanical | Health/Safety | Recreational |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDT | 1 | 0.707 ** | −0.195 * | 0.264 ** | −0.105 | 0.127 | −0.064 | 0.073 | 0.145 |
Money Total | 1 | −0.098 | 0.212 * | −0.080 | 0.110 | −0.135 | 0.069 | 0.089 | |
Age | 1 | −0.703 ** | −0.483 ** | −0.088 | −0.373 ** | −0.656 ** | −0.581 ** | ||
WM | 1 | 0.382 ** | 0.188 * | 0.259 ** | 0.497 ** | 0.510 ** | |||
Ethical | 1 | 0.313 ** | 0.380 ** | 0.623 ** | 0.332 ** | ||||
Social | 1 | 0.132 | 0.283 ** | 0.272 ** | |||||
Financial | 1 | 0.387 ** | 0.488 ** | ||||||
Health/Safety | 1 | 0.635 ** | |||||||
Recreational | 1 |
Younger Adults and Moderation Analyses
3.4. Dospert
3.5. Working Memory
4. Discussion
4.1. Game of Dice Task (GDT)
4.2. GDT and Working Memory
4.3. Working Memory and Age Differences in the GDT
4.4. Personality and the GDT
4.5. Priming Scenario
4.6. Moderation Effects in Prime Susceptibility
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of interest
References
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Wood, M.; Black, S.; Gilpin, A. The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010119
Wood M, Black S, Gilpin A. The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010119
Chicago/Turabian StyleWood, Meagan, Sheila Black, and Ansley Gilpin. 2016. "The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010119
APA StyleWood, M., Black, S., & Gilpin, A. (2016). The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010119