Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Water
3. Agriculture
3.1. Crop Water Use
3.2. Improving Crop Water Productivity
3.3. Relating Water Use to Dry Matter Production in Crops
3.4. Water Use Efficiency and Water Productivity
3.5. Linking Water Productivity to Nutrition—Nutritional Water Productivity
Food Group | Product | Nutrient | NWP | Source * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xE | yP | zF | xE | yP | zF | |||
kcal·kg−1 | g·kg−1 | kcal·m−3 | g·m−3 | |||||
Vegetables | Tomatoes | 184 | 8 | 1 | 1416 | 65 | 11 | [10] |
Carrots | 25 | 10 | 2174 | 87 | [55] | |||
Cabbage | 250 | 14 | 3289 | 89 | [55] | |||
Pepper | 200 | 12 | 38 | 2 | [55] | |||
Onions | 331 | 12 | 880 | 31 | [56] | |||
Legumes | Groundnut | 6067 | 283 | 426 | 2382 | 111 | 206 | [10] |
Peas | 2720 | 229 | 8889 | 748 | [55] | |||
Green beans | 330 | 24 | 935 | 68 | [55] | |||
Soybean | 3470 | 2828 | 304 | [55] | ||||
4160 | 200 | 956.8 | 83.95 | 46 | [56] | |||
Grain | Maize | 2738 | 55 | 12 | 3856 | 77 | 17 | [10] |
3270 | 85 | 8583 | 223 | [55] | ||||
2738 | 55 | 12 | 547.7 | 11 | 2 | [56] |
4. Food for Nutrition
4.1. Food Intake, Sources of Food in Poor Rural Households
4.2. Reasons for Food Choices in Poor Rural Households
4.3. Underutilised Crops: Potential to Contribute to Food and Nutrition Security
4.4. Competing Needs in Poor Rural Household
5. Human Health and Well-Being
6. Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mabhaudhi, T.; Chibarabada, T.; Modi, A. Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010107
Mabhaudhi T, Chibarabada T, Modi A. Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010107
Chicago/Turabian StyleMabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, Tendai Chibarabada, and Albert Modi. 2016. "Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010107