Association between the Hygiene Index Values of Live Fresh Aquatic Products and Food-Borne Diarrhea in the Population of the Ningbo Area in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Monitoring Indices and Methods
2.3. Quality Control
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Time Statistical Distribution Analysis
3.2. Location Distribution Analysis
3.3. Category Distribution Analysis
Time | Number of Samples | VBN (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | HIS (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | Indole (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | TTX (μg/kg) mean ± SD | PSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD | NSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD | ASP (ng/kg) mean ± SD | DSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | 112 | 20.58 ± 0.52 | 193.20 ± 25.87 | 1.72 ± 0.28 | 17.32 ± 3.22 | 3.16 ± 0.39 | 0.002 ± 0.0004 | 9.77 ± 1.45 | 0.43 ± 0.029 |
February | 109 | 20.64 ± 1.14 | 46.81 ± 21.78 | 1.02 ± 0.16 | 16.03 ± 2.90 | 3.36 ± 0.42 | 0.001 ± 0.0003 | 5.66 ± 0.48 | 0.40 ± 0.030 |
March | 101 | 18.73 ± 0.94 | 22.55 ± 4.36 | 11.02 ± 10.02 | 8.86 ± 1.82 | 1.21 ± 0.19 | 0.001 ± 0.0003 | 7.12 ± 0.39 | 0.40 ± 0.025 |
April | 117 | 21.28 ± 0.96 | 26.19 ± 3.23 | 1.49 ± 0.24 | 2.71 ± 0.97 | 1.08 ± 0.24 | 0.009 ± 0.0017 | 3.72 ± 0.14 | 0.39 ± 0.027 |
May | 120 | 13.97 ± 0.91 | 61.21 ± 4.96 | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 1.85 ± 0.74 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.061 ± 0.0055 | 8.43 ± 1.51 | 0.50 ± 0.027 |
June | 120 | 13.57 ± 1.02 | 63.99 ± 5.08 | 2.48 ± 0.42 | 1.15 ± 0.53 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.082 ± 0.0080 | 8.75 ± 2.04 | 0.37 ± 0.039 |
July | 121 | 43.45 ± 4.67 | 87.51 ± 11.53 | 4.49 ± 1.93 | 3.04 ± 0.97 | 1.27 ± 0.22 | 0.048 ± 0.0071 | 7.21 ± 0.36 | 0.51 ± 0.026 |
August | 110 | 50.15 ± 6.58 | 65.69 ± 11.90 | 1.71 ± 0.29 | 7.59 ± 2.21 | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 0.030 ± 0.0020 | 6.04 ± 0.32 | 0.81 ± 0.085 |
September | 109 | 17.31 ± 0.76 | 160.19 ± 18.92 | 0.77 ± 0.10 | 3.18 ± 1.54 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 0.003 ± 0.0006 | 8.49 ± 1.46 | 0.66 ± 0.037 |
October | 121 | 21.28 ± 1.05 | 113.71 ± 21.30 | 1.17 ± 0.24 | 8.23 ± 3.04 | 0.61 ± 0.17 | 0.002 ± 0.0005 | 5.54 ± 0.65 | 0.79 ± 0.099 |
November | 109 | 19.94 ± 0.98 | 309.66 ± 49.79 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 16.33 ± 3.83 | 1.40 ± 0.47 | 0.004 ± 0.0014 | 4.73 ± 0.20 | 0.49 ± 0.032 |
December | 107 | 20.72 ± 1.18 | 253.94 ± 43.78 | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 13.26 ± 2.85 | 2.49 ± 0.38 | 0.006 ± 0.0014 | 4.80 ± 0.26 | 0.50 ± 0.022 |
F a | — | 22.032 | 11.537 | 1.072 | 7.907 | 12.948 | 60.839 | 3.275 | 7.766 |
p-value b | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.380 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Threshold limit | 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 c | 100, 30 d | 0.05 e | 50 f | 800 g | 800 h | 2 × 107i | 600, N.D.j |
District | Number of Samples | VBN (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | HIS (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | Indole (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | TTX (μg/kg) mean ± SD | PSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD | NSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD | ASP (ng/kg) mean ± SD | DSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haishu | 223 | 20.83 ± 1.09 | 111.92 ± 16.74 | 6.39 ± 4.56 | 8.34 ± 1.82 | 1.40 ± 0.19 | 0.023 ± 0.0036 | 6.39 ± 0.58 | 0.47 ± 0.024 |
Jiangdong | 221 | 27.05 ± 2.77 | 128.38 ± 16.77 | 1.64 ± 0.22 | 9.35 ± 1.69 | 1.85 ± 0.24 | 0.026 ± 0.0038 | 7.20 ± 0.87 | 0.56 ± 0.034 |
Jiangbei | 245 | 23.79 ± 2.07 | 109.94 ± 17.25 | 2.19 ± 0.96 | 9.70 ± 1.87 | 1.38 ± 0.19 | 0.021 ± 0.0033 | 7.51 ± 1.05 | 0.53 ± 0.048 |
Yinzhou | 257 | 25.09 ± 1.76 | 117.15 ± 18.77 | 1.22 ± 0.13 | 8.60 ± 1.57 | 1.35 ± 0.21 | 0.016 ± 0.0023 | 5.83 ± 0.38 | 0.49 ± 0.020 |
Zhenhai | 197 | 23.02 ± 1.97 | 111.56 ± 17.95 | 1.22 ± 0.16 | 5.84 ± 1.22 | 1.25 ± 0.19 | 0.022 ± 0.0031 | 7.11 ± 0.73 | 0.56 ± 0.045 |
Beilun | 213 | 20.81 ± 1.19 | 114.22 ± 14.32 | 1.29 ± 0.15 | 6.27 ± 1.45 | 1.23 ± 0.17 | 0.021 ± 0.0034 | 6.18 ± 0.53 | 0.52 ± 0.029 |
F a | — | 1.917 | 0.181 | 0.653 | 0.547 | 0.935 | 1.043 | 1.009 | 1.360 |
p-value b | — | 0.105 | 0.948 | 0.621 | 0.702 | 0.442 | 0.384 | 0.401 | 0.246 |
Category | Number of Samples | VBN (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | HIS (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | Indole (mg/100 g) mean ± SD | TTX (μg/kg) mean ± SD | PSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD | NSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD | ASP (ng/kg) mean ± SD | DSP (μg/kg) mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shellfish | 242 | 11.21 ± 4.58 | 43.32 ± 5.98 | 0.23 ± 0.088 | 25.04 ± 2.70 | 3.43 ± 0.253 | 0.012 ± 0.0013 | 8.18 ± 0.554 | 0.49 ± 0.044 |
Freshwater fish | 258 | 14.45 ± 0.59 | 117.33 ± 9.09 | 0.42 ± 0.106 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.009 | 0.014 ± 0.0019 | 3.59 ± 0.784 | 0.26 ± 0.016 |
Marine fish | 376 | 26.00 ± 1.15 | 191.13 ± 23.51 | 2.43 ± 0.186 | 4.78 ± 0.64 | 0.88 ± 0.152 | 0.019 ± 0.0020 | 6.00 ± 0.573 | 0.53 ± 0.018 |
Shrimp | 144 | 34.65 ± 4.58 | 85.60 ± 14.57 | 1.37 ± 0.209 | 4.33 ± 1.46 | 1.52 ± 0.221 | 0.035 ± 0.0047 | 6.66 ± 0.357 | 0.63 ± 0.042 |
River prawn | 27 | 22.34 ± 1.08 | 57.42 ± 4.68 | 1.14 ± 0.228 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.079 | 0.010 ± 0.0052 | 2.00 ± 0.325 | 0.27 ± 0.044 |
River crab | 22 | 15.88 ± 1.37 | 74.56 ± 12.20 | 0.35 ± 0.132 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.048 | 0.000 ± 0.0000 | 1.98 ± 0.261 | 0.50 ± 0.069 |
Sea crab | 165 | 34.63 ± 2.73 | 113.54 ± 13.75 | 0.93 ± 0.114 | 12.71 ± 2.00 | 1.93 ± 0.196 | 0.040 ± 0.0074 | 12.09 ± 0.358 | 0.67 ± 0.055 |
Sleeve-fish | 122 | 32.71 ± 2.73 | 79.72 ± 11.05 | 13.82 ± 6.78 | 3.19 ± 2.07 | 1.68 ± 0.288 | 0.027 ± 0.0034 | 6.99 ± 0.194 | 0.83 ± 0.041 |
F a | — | 8.475 | 9.937 | 2.298 | 28.616 | 36.113 | 4.838 | 11.043 | 11.659 |
p-value b | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.033 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3.4. Correlation Analysis
Time | District | Total Case Number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haishu | Jiangdong | Jiangbei | Yinzhou | Zhenhai | Beilun | ||
January | 76 | 27 | 67 | 33 | 11 | 21 | 235 |
February | 80 | 27 | 62 | 25 | 19 | 15 | 228 |
March | 70 | 24 | 57 | 31 | 9 | 16 | 207 |
April | 65 | 18 | 28 | 39 | 16 | 20 | 186 |
May | 104 | 25 | 52 | 131 | 23 | 90 | 425 |
June | 118 | 55 | 73 | 186 | 37 | 90 | 559 |
July | 185 | 63 | 148 | 232 | 49 | 121 | 798 |
August | 230 | 59 | 152 | 209 | 77 | 244 | 971 |
September | 173 | 42 | 144 | 195 | 45 | 98 | 697 |
October | 108 | 34 | 75 | 78 | 34 | 91 | 420 |
November | 74 | 29 | 81 | 97 | 34 | 96 | 411 |
December | 118 | 40 | 100 | 98 | 20 | 54 | 430 |
Total | 1401 | 443 | 1039 | 1354 | 374 | 956 | 5567 |
Correlation | VBN | HIS | Indole | TTX | PSP | NSP | ASP | DSP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. a | 0.686 | 0.050 | −0.166 | −0.393 | −0.428 | 0.417 | 0.153 | 0.642 |
p-value b | 0.007 | 0.439 | 0.303 | 0.103 | 0.082 | 0.089 | 0.318 | 0.012 |
District | VBN | HIS | Indole | TTX | PSP | NSP | ASP | DSP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haishu | Coeff. a | 0.743 | −0.078 | −0.114 | −0.390 | −0.350 | 0.330 | 0.165 | 0.673 |
p-value b | 0.003 | 0.405 | 0.362 | 0.105 | 0.132 | 0.148 | 0.305 | 0.008 | |
Jiangdong | Coeff. a | 0.644 | −0.013 | −0.020 | −0.346 | −0.277 | 0.532 | 0.219 | 0.394 |
p-value b | 0.012 | 0.485 | 0.475 | 0.135 | 0.191 | 0.038 | 0.347 | 0.103 | |
Jiangbei | Coeff. a | 0.686 | 0.218 | −0.084 | −0.137 | −0.174 | 0.101 | 0.152 | 0.611 |
p-value b | 0.007 | 0.248 | 0.397 | 0.335 | 0.294 | 0.377 | 0.318 | 0.017 | |
Yinzhou | Coeff. a | 0.501 | −0.003 | −0.140 | −0.585 | −0.553 | 0.628 | 0.288 | 0.434 |
p-value b | 0.049 | 0.496 | 0.333 | 0.023 | 0.031 | 0.014 | 0.182 | 0.079 | |
Zhenhai | Coeff. a | 0.730 | −0.010 | −0.239 | −0.325 | −0.449 | 0.334 | 0.001 | 0.714 |
p-value b | 0.003 | 0.479 | 0.227 | 0.151 | 0.072 | 0.145 | 0.499 | 0.005 | |
Beilun | Coeff. a | 0.708 | 0.017 | −0.220 | −0.300 | −0.480 | 0.382 | 0.019 | 0.739 |
p-value b | 0.005 | 0.479 | 0.247 | 0.171 | 0.057 | 0.109 | 0.476 | 0.003 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, L.; Lu, L.; Shu, L.; Chen, J.; Zou, B.; Zhou, Q.; Gu, Y.; Zhao, J.; Lin, X. Association between the Hygiene Index Values of Live Fresh Aquatic Products and Food-Borne Diarrhea in the Population of the Ningbo Area in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9154-9168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809154
Zhang L, Lu L, Shu L, Chen J, Zou B, Zhou Q, Gu Y, Zhao J, Lin X. Association between the Hygiene Index Values of Live Fresh Aquatic Products and Food-Borne Diarrhea in the Population of the Ningbo Area in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):9154-9168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809154
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lijun, Lu Lu, Liye Shu, Jianjun Chen, Baobo Zou, Qi Zhou, Yuanliang Gu, Jinshun Zhao, and Xialu Lin. 2015. "Association between the Hygiene Index Values of Live Fresh Aquatic Products and Food-Borne Diarrhea in the Population of the Ningbo Area in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 9154-9168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809154
APA StyleZhang, L., Lu, L., Shu, L., Chen, J., Zou, B., Zhou, Q., Gu, Y., Zhao, J., & Lin, X. (2015). Association between the Hygiene Index Values of Live Fresh Aquatic Products and Food-Borne Diarrhea in the Population of the Ningbo Area in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 9154-9168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809154