Temperature Variation and Heat Wave and Cold Spell Impacts on Years of Life Lost Among the Urban Poor Population of Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Definitions of Temperature Extremes
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. General Association of Temperature and YLL
2.6. Effects of Cold Spells and Heat Waves
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Temperature, Daily Mortality and YLL
Daily Average Deaths (SD) | Total Deaths | Daily Average YLL (SD) | Total YLL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex/Gender | ||||
Male | 0.7 (1.3) | 2651 | 31.9 (56.7) | 116,349.4 |
Female | 0.6 (0.9) | 2020 | 24.7 (42.6) | 90,362.9 |
Age group | ||||
0–5 years | 0.4 (0.7) | 1487 | 25.6 (44.1) | 93,460.2 |
5–15 years | 0.0 (0.2) | 146 | 2.4 (12.0) | 8601.5 |
15–25 years | 0.1 (0.4) | 415 | 5.5 (19.4) | 20,049.3 |
25–50 years | 0.5 (1.2) | 1966 | 19.8 (19.8) | 72,263.4 |
50+ years | 0.2 (0.5) | 657 | 3.4 (9.5) | 12,337.9 |
Overall | 1.3 (1.9) | 4671 | 56.6 (82.0) | 206,712.3 |
3.2. Association of Temperature and YLL
3.3. Effects of Heat Waves and Cold Spells
Threshold (°C) | No. of Days | Main Effect | Added Effect | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YLL | 95% CI | YLL | 95% CI | |||||
Cold Spell Intensities | ||||||||
≤2nd percentile | 20.0 | 24 | 56.7 | 4.4 | 109.1 | −6.2 | −42.8 | 30.4 |
≤5th percentile | 21.1 | 67 | 35.8 | 2.3 | 69.2 | −0.4 | −24.2 | 23.5 |
≤10th percentile | 22.4 | 169 | 26.1 | 0.6 | 51.6 | 1.9 | −14.8 | 18.5 |
Heat Wave Intensities | ||||||||
≥98th percentile | 29.0 | 23 | 3.4 | −20.7 | 27.5 | −0.6 | −37.5 | 36.2 |
≥95th percentile | 29.6 | 88 | 1.3 | −25.5 | 28.2 | −1.6 | −16.5 | 13.3 |
≥90th percentile | 30.4 | 221 | 8.1 | −28.0 | 44.2 | 7.5 | −12.9 | 27.9 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Egondi, T.; Kyobutungi, C.; Rocklöv, J. Temperature Variation and Heat Wave and Cold Spell Impacts on Years of Life Lost Among the Urban Poor Population of Nairobi, Kenya. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2735-2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302735
Egondi T, Kyobutungi C, Rocklöv J. Temperature Variation and Heat Wave and Cold Spell Impacts on Years of Life Lost Among the Urban Poor Population of Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):2735-2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302735
Chicago/Turabian StyleEgondi, Thaddaeus, Catherine Kyobutungi, and Joacim Rocklöv. 2015. "Temperature Variation and Heat Wave and Cold Spell Impacts on Years of Life Lost Among the Urban Poor Population of Nairobi, Kenya" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 2735-2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302735