Anthropometric Status and Nutritional Intake in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain): The ANIVA Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Samples and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. Examination Protocol and Measurements
2.4. Dietary Assessment
2.5. Estimate of Nutrient Adequacy/Deficiency
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.1.1. Children Aged 6–9 Years
Variable | Total | Underweight | Normoweight | Overweight | Obesity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p value | |
Both sexes | (n 710) | 100% | (n 59) | 8.3% | (n 377) | 53.1% | (n 139) | 19.6% | (n 135) | 19.0% | |
Age (years) | 7.95 | 1.12 | 7.88 | 1.30 | 7.87 | 1.14 | 8.09 | 1.08 | 8.06 | 0.99 | 0.839 |
Weight (kg) | 30.95 | 7.65 | 29.09 | 11.04 | 27.45 | 4.91 | 33.50 | 5.93 | 38.92 | 6.84 | 0.434 |
Height (cm) | 130.95 | 8.94 | 129.76 | 8.68 | 129.34 | 8.68 | 132.58 | 9.29 | 134.29 | 8.24 | 0.684 |
Boys | (n 338) | 100% | (n 32 ) | 9.46% | (n 178) | 52.66% | (n 60 ) | 17.75% | (n 68 ) | 20.11% | |
Age (years) | 7.94 | 1.08 | 7.66 | 1.11 | 7.79 | 1.13 | 8.30 | 1.01 | 8.15 | 0.87 | 0.002 |
Weight (kg) | 30.71 | 7.32 | 28.83 | 10.78 | 27.35 | 4.53 | 33.73 | 5.61 | 37.75 | 6.60 | 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 131.28 | 8.47 | 129.19 | 8.41 | 129.28 | 7.98 | 133.48 | 8.96 | 134.63 | 7.81 | 0.001 |
Girls | (n 372) | 100% | (n 27 ) | 7.25% | (n 199) | 53.49% | (n 79) | 21.23% | (n 67 ) | 18.01% | |
Age (years) | 7.96 | 1.16 | 8.14 | 1.48 | 7.94 | 1.14 | 7.94 | 1.11 | 7.97 | 1.11 | 0.830 |
Weight (kg) | 31.16 | 7.95 | 29.40 | 11.53 | 27.54 | 5.23 | 33.33 | 6.19 | 40.10 | 6.91 | 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 130.82 | 9.36 | 130.44 | 9.18 | 129.39 | 9.28 | 131.90 | 9.53 | 133.94 | 8.71 | 0.004 |
p (boys/girls) weight | 0.434 | 0.845 | 0.708 | 0.695 | 0.045 | ||||||
p (boys/girls) height | 0.988 | 0.587 | 0.902 | 0.322 | 0.629 |
3.1.2. Nutritional Characteristics
3.2. Comparing Nutritional Intake According to DRIs
Nutrient | Boys (n 338) | p Value | Girls (n 372) | p Value | p Value Boy/Girl | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight (n 32) | Normoweight (n 178) | Overweight (n 60) | Obesity (n 68) | Underweight (n 27) | Normoweight (n 199) | Overweight (n 79) | Obesity (n 67) | ||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Total energy (kcal/day) | 1958.81 | 397.79 | 2176.76 | 403.81 | 2145.47 | 454.29 | 2204.24 | 498.64 | 0.049 | 1990.93 | 387.49 | 2072.61 | 396.74 | 2028.49 | 420.93 | 1971.45 | 329.22 | 0.268 | 0.001 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 210.19 | 50.11 | 229.42 | 44.07 | 225.32 | 46.40 | 230.53 | 46.46 | 0.150 | 201.19 | 43.32 | 214.87 | 45.32 | 207.59 | 49.94 | 209.24 | 36.33 | 0.345 | 0.001 |
Protein (g/day) | 83.14 | 23.25 | 88.95 | 20.91 | 84.98 | 19.49 | 92.72 | 24.78 | 0.106 | 84.08 | 27.20 | 83.24 | 19.09 | 82.23 | 22.50 | 80.46 | 19.01 | 0.697 | 0.003 |
Lipids (g/day) | 84.57 | 20.80 | 96.20 | 22.56 | 96.62 | 28.22 | 97.12 | 28.84 | 0.057 | 90.84 | 23.48 | 94.16 | 23.12 | 92.68 | 22.84 | 87.28 | 21.71 | 0.198 | 0.045 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 287.50 | 77.93 | 325.74 | 106.23 | 321.12 | 103.02 | 336.91 | 111.57 | 0.171 | 320.89 | 123.58 | 307.65 | 93.85 | 315.04 | 97.01 | 290.91 | 97.09 | 0.405 | 0.079 |
Fiber (g/day) | 12.15 | 5.55 | 13.97 | 12.45 | 13.33 | 7.18 | 15.11 | 6.98 | 0.553 | 11.83 | 5.17 | 12.94 | 5.56 | 13.86 | 8.31 | 12.48 | 5.34 | 0.396 | 0.426 |
Thiamin (mg/day) | 1.38 | 0.48 | 1.44 | 0.56 | 1.42 | 0.42 | 1.45 | 0.47 | 0.921 | 1.25 | 0.29 | 1.37 | 0.59 | 1.29 | 0.36 | 1.40 | 0.75 | 0.478 | 0.396 |
Riboflavin (mg/day) | 1.71 | 0.44 | 1.98 | 0.68 | 1.98 | 0.57 | 1.83 | 0.48 | 0.053 | 1.70 | 0.48 | 1.77 | 0.54 | 1.71 | 0.52 | 1.71 | 0.54 | 0.740 | 0.001 |
Niacin (mg/day) | 30.08 | 10.23 | 36.32 | 11.27 | 34.79 | 9.98 | 37.20 | 10.75 | 0,009 | 33.54 | 12.38 | 33.18 | 9.20 | 33.27 | 8.34 | 32.14 | 9.03 | 0.848 | 0.001 |
Pantothenic acid (mg/day) | 5.17 | 1.53 | 5.60 | 1.49 | 5.33 | 1.53 | 5.60 | 1.61 | 0.351 | 5.41 | 1.43 | 5.39 | 1.33 | 5.19 | 1.28 | 5.34 | 1.35 | 0.715 | 0.549 |
Vit. B6 (mg/day) | 1.81 | 0.69 | 2.16 | 0.82 | 2.08 | 0.68 | 2.08 | 0.60 | 0.108 | 1.91 | 0.70 | 1.94 | 0.66 | 1.92 | 0.52 | 1.84 | 0.74 | 0.758 | 0.006 |
Botin (µg/day) | 27.27 | 9.13 | 28.52 | 8.27 | 26.57 | 7.22 | 27.27 | 8.45 | 0.374 | 26.69 | 8.25 | 26.75 | 8.51 | 26.79 | 8.69 | 26.53 | 10.11 | 0.998 | 0.563 |
Vit. B12 (µg/day) | 5.29 | 2.67 | 5.97 | 3.53 | 6.56 | 4.71 | 6.63 | 3.27 | 0.248 | 5.17 | 3.22 | 6.03 | 3.89 | 5.94 | 3.35 | 5.70 | 2.84 | 0.656 | 0.461 |
Folic acid (µg/day) | 226.28 | 58.49 | 250.67 | 104.38 | 251.86 | 60.03 | 244.77 | 81.85 | 0.530 | 219.70 | 73.79 | 230.49 | 76.00 | 223.77 | 69.47 | 218.16 | 87.28 | 0.652 | 0.001 |
Vit. C (mg/day) | 96.45 | 42.77 | 105.89 | 54.96 | 113.82 | 52.94 | 108.04 | 55.51 | 0.513 | 101.21 | 40.52 | 97.11 | 44.86 | 95.21 | 43.98 | 90.242 | 47.78 | 0.659 | 0.074 |
Vit. A (µg/day) | 343.03 | 154.78 | 546.45 | 623.14 | 587.78 | 852.04 | 472.17 | 295.09 | 0.223 | 420.15 | 299.21 | 480.90 | 630.37 | 399.81 | 233.06 | 413.10 | 297.87 | 0.568 | 0.189 |
Vit. D (µg/day) | 2.38 | 1.45 | 3.50 | 3.14 | 2.76 | 1.99 | 3.68 | 2.74 | 0.046 | 2.57 | 2.40 | 3.13 | 2.40 | 2.87 | 2.06 | 2.96 | 3.04 | 0.656 | 0.080 |
Vit. E (µg/day) | 6.66 | 1.98 | 7.72 | 3.18 | 7.58 | 2.65 | 8.43 | 3.66 | 0.062 | 7.59 | 3.00 | 7.53 | 2.68 | 7.97 | 2.82 | 7.04 | 2.43 | 0.229 | 0.072 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 896.56 | 282.63 | 995.24 | 261.37 | 964.38 | 250.88 | 943.32 | 267.13 | 0.147 | 880.04 | 218.35 | 925.14 | 299.44 | 881.51 | 273.81 | 887.61 | 238.73 | 0.558 | 0.021 |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1274.12 | 277.42 | 1457.02 | 366.31 | 1424.40 | 315.24 | 1468.22 | 380.60 | 0.048 | 1323.19 | 359.45 | 1363.77 | 340.98 | 1325.09 | 309.38 | 1306.04 | 315.93 | 0.585 | 0.001 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 258.58 | 68.82 | 281.53 | 87.99 | 279.98 | 72.73 | 288.13 | 84.85 | 0.421 | 256.85 | 67.29 | 270.57 | 69.32 | 262.57 | 68.34 | 248.15 | 58.87 | 0.117 | 0.019 |
Iron (mg/day) | 11.66 | 4.08 | 13.84 | 6.16 | 13.40 | 4.64 | 13.41 | 4.02 | 0.178 | 12.12 | 4.28 | 12.36 | 4.04 | 12.21 | 3.83 | 11.94 | 4.46 | 0.905 | 0.011 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 11.55 | 20.99 | 9.44 | 2.50 | 9.09 | 1.83 | 9.33 | 2.23 | 0.364 | 8.73 | 2.31 | 8.71 | 1.93 | 8.74 | 2.28 | 8.49 | 1.80 | 0.867 | 0.105 |
Iodine (mg/day) | 84.39 | 21.30 | 104.36 | 61.42 | 94.82 | 25.40 | 120.70 | 157.29 | 0.166 | 96.45 | 28.89 | 95.88 | 35.57 | 90.35 | 24.48 | 88.56 | 26.11 | 0.283 | 0.032 |
Selenium (µg/day) | 96.90 | 36.73 | 114.33 | 38.15 | 109.49 | 32.95 | 126.78 | 41.78 | 0.002 | 109.17 | 42.38 | 108.52 | 35.48 | 107.51 | 33.51 | 104.71 | 31.97 | 0.885 | 0.002 |
Fluoride (µg/day) | 221.22 | 136.27 | 312.38 | 322.44 | 296.11 | 361.80 | 257.82 | 191.74 | 0.302 | 266.56 | 248.80 | 271.94 | 248.91 | 307.53 | 291.45 | 297.24 | 317.67 | 0.740 | 0.643 |
Nutrient | DRIs | Total (n 710) | Underweight (n 59) | Normoweight (n 377) | Overweight (n 139) | Obesity (n 135) | p value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Carbohydrates (% TEV) | Under DRIs | 673 | 94.8 | 56 | 94.9 | 357 | 94.7 | 133 | 95.7 | 127 | 94.1 | 0.049 |
Met DRIs | 37 | 5.2 | 3 | 5.1 | 20 | 5.3 | 6 | 4.3 | 8 | 5.9 | ||
Over DRIs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Protein(% TEV) | Under DRIs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.157 |
Met DRIs | 237 | 33.4 | 19 | 32.2 | 131 | 34.7 | 50 | 36.0 | 37 | 27.4 | ||
Over DRIs | 473 | 66.6 | 40 | 67.8 | 246 | 65.3 | 89 | 64.0 | 98 | 72.6 | ||
Lipids a (% TEV) | Under DRIs | 15 | 2.1 | 3 | 5.1 | 6 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.7 | 5 | 3.7 | 0.174 |
Met DRIs | 92 | 13.0 | 4 | 6.8 | 47 | 12.5 | 22 | 15.8 | 19 | 14.1 | ||
Over DRIs | 603 | 84.9 | 52 | 88.1 | 324 | 85.9 | 115 | 82.7 | 111 | 82.2 | ||
Cholesterol a (mg/1000 kcal) b | Under DRIs | 200 | 28.2 | 13 | 22.0 | 115 | 30.5 | 33 | 23.7 | 39 | 28.9 | 0.691 |
Met DRIs | 388 | 54.6 | 36 | 61.0 | 201 | 53.3 | 79 | 56.8 | 72 | 53.3 | ||
Over DRIs | 122 | 17.2 | 10 | 16.9 | 61 | 16.2 | 27 | 19.4 | 24 | 17.8 | ||
Fiber (g/day) | Under DRIs | 689 | 97.0 | 57 | 96.6 | 368 | 97.6 | 135 | 97.1 | 129 | 95.6 | 0.680 |
Met DRIs | 21 | 3.0 | 2 | 3.4 | 9 | 2.4 | 4 | 2.9 | 6 | 4.4 | ||
Thiamin (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 42 | 5.9 | 7 | 11.9 | 22 | 5.8 | 6 | 4.3 | 7 | 5.2 | 0.210 |
Met DRIs | 668 | 94.1 | 52 | 88.1 | 355 | 94.2 | 133 | 95.7 | 128 | 94.8 | ||
Riboflavin (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 55 | 7.7 | 10 | 16.9 | 22 | 5.8 | 13 | 9.35 | 10 | 7.4 | 0.024 |
Met DRIs | 655 | 92.3 | 49 | 83.1 | 355 | 94.2 | 126 | 90.65 | 125 | 92.6 | ||
Niacin (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Met DRIs | 709 | 99.9 | 58 | 98.3 | 377 | 100 | 139 | 100 | 135 | 100 | ||
Pantothenic acid (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 7 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.5 | - |
Met DRIs | 703 | 99.0 | 375 | 99.5 | 58 | 98.3 | 137 | 98.6 | 133 | 98.5 | ||
Vit. B6 (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 100 | 14.1 | 13 | 22.0 | 53 | 14.1 | 15 | 10.8 | 1 | 14.1 | 0.001 |
Met DRIs | 610 | 85.9 | 46 | 78.0 | 324 | 85.9 | 124 | 89.2 | 116 | 85.9 | ||
Botin (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 14 | 2.0 | 58 | 98.3 | 371 | 98.4 | 136 | 97.8 | 130 | 96.3 | 0.532 |
Met DRIs | 696 | 98.0 | 1 | 1.7 | 6 | 1.6 | 3 | 2.2 | 5 | 3.7 | ||
Vit. B12 (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.7 | - |
Met DRIs | 708 | 99.7 | 59 | 100 | 377 | 100 | 138 | 99.3 | 134 | 99.3 | ||
Folic acid (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 263 | 37.1 | 25 | 42.4 | 137 | 36.3 | 45 | 32.4 | 56 | 41.5 | 0.356 |
Met DRIs | 447 | 62.9 | 34 | 57.6 | 240 | 63.7 | 94 | 67.6 | 79 | 58.5 | ||
Vit. C (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 115 | 16.2 | 9 | 15.3 | 63 | 16.7 | 18 | 12.9 | 25 | 18.5 | 0.630 |
Met DRIs | 595 | 83.8 | 50 | 84.7 | 314 | 83.3 | 121 | 87.1 | 110 | 81.5 | ||
Vit. A (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 68 | 9.6 | 6 | 10.2 | 31 | 8.2 | 17 | 12.2 | 14 | 10.4 | 0.562 |
Met DRIs | 642 | 90.4 | 53 | 89.6 | 346 | 91.8 | 122 | 87.8 | 121 | 89.6 | ||
Vit. D (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 591 | 83.1 | 54 | 91.5 | 302 | 80.1 | 125 | 89.9 | 110 | 81.51 | 0.016 |
Met DRIs | 119 | 16.9 | 5 | 8.5 | 75 | 19.9 | 14 | 10.1 | 25 | 18.5 | ||
Vit. E (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 451 | 63.5 | 45 | 76.3 | 237 | 62.9 | 81 | 58.3 | 92 | 68.1 | 0.098 |
Met DRIs | 259 | 36.5 | 14 | 23.7 | 140 | 37.1 | 58 | 41.7 | 47 | 31.9 | ||
Calcium (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 214 | 30.2 | 19 | 32.8 | 107 | 28.4 | 46 | 33.1 | 42 | 31.1 | 0.710 |
Met DRIs | 495 | 69.8 | 39 | 67.2 | 270 | 71.6 | 93 | 66.9 | 93 | 68.9 | ||
Phosphorus (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 5 | 0.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 3 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.7 | - |
Met DRIs | 705 | 99.3 | 58 | 98.3 | 374 | 99.2 | 139 | 100 | 134 | 99.3 | ||
Magnesium (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 43 | 6.1 | 3 | 5.1 | 19 | 5.1 | 10 | 7.2 | 11 | 8.3 | 0.529 |
Met DRIs | 664 | 93.9 | 56 | 94.9 | 357 | 94.9 | 129 | 92.8 | 122 | 91.7 | ||
Iron (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 105 | 14.8 | 17 | 28.8 | 52 | 13.8 | 19 | 13.7 | 17 | 12.2 | 0.017 |
Met DRIs | 605 | 85.2 | 42 | 71.2 | 325 | 86.2 | 120 | 86.3 | 118 | 87.8 | ||
Zinc (mg/day) | Under DRIs | 521 | 73.4 | 48 | 81.4 | 275 | 72.9 | 100 | 71.9 | 98 | 72.6 | 0.542 |
Met DRIs | 189 | 26.6 | 11 | 18.6 | 102 | 27.1 | 39 | 28.1 | 37 | 27.4 | ||
Iodine (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 358 | 50.4 | 34 | 57.6 | 175 | 46.4 | 75 | 53.9 | 73 | 51.1 | 0.168 |
Met DRIs | 352 | 49.6 | 25 | 42.4 | 202 | 53.6 | 64 | 46.1 | 62 | 45.9 | ||
Selenium (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Met DRIs | 710 | 100 | 59 | 100 | 377 | 100 | 139 | 100 | 135 | 100 | ||
Fluoride (µg/day) | Under DRIs | 669 | 94.2 | 58 | 98.3 | 352 | 93.4 | 131 | 94.2 | 128 | 94.8 | 0.493 |
Met DRIs | 41 | 5.8 | 1 | 1.7 | 25 | 6.6 | 8 | 5.8 | 7 | 5.2 |
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Morales-Suárez-Varela, M.; Rubio-López, N.; Ruso, C.; Llopis-Gonzalez, A.; Ruiz-Rojo, E.; Redondo, M.; Pico, Y. Anthropometric Status and Nutritional Intake in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain): The ANIVA Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 16082-16095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215045
Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Rubio-López N, Ruso C, Llopis-Gonzalez A, Ruiz-Rojo E, Redondo M, Pico Y. Anthropometric Status and Nutritional Intake in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain): The ANIVA Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):16082-16095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215045
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Suárez-Varela, María, Nuria Rubio-López, Candelaria Ruso, Agustín Llopis-Gonzalez, Elías Ruiz-Rojo, Maximino Redondo, and Yolanda Pico. 2015. "Anthropometric Status and Nutritional Intake in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain): The ANIVA Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 16082-16095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215045