Strong Associations Between the Pesticide Hexachlorocyclohexane and Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
Pesticide Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Parameters | Control | Diabetes | P |
---|---|---|---|
N | 144 | 136 | |
Gender (M/F) | 49/95 | 60/76 | 0.08 |
Age (years) | 37.4 ± 6.6 | 43.0 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 5.9 | 32.2 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 92.6 ± 16.4 | 94.2 ± 24.7 | 0.11 |
Hips (cm) | 100.4 ± 27.7 | 106.3 ± 28.6 | 0.09 |
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (cm) | 22.4 ± 5.1 | 23.4 ± 7.0 | 0.30 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 111.9 ± 1.3 | 122.6 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.9 ± 7.5 | 79.1 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.56 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 0.79 | 11.1 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.51 | 0.88 ± 0.32 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.50 | 8.0 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.86 | 2.1 ± 0.96 | <0.001 |
Insulin (IU/mL) | 15.3 ± 4.3 | 32.0 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.6 ± 0.54 | 5.2 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 18.3 ± 5.3 | 26.5 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
Resistin (ng/mL) | 3.4 ± 0.86 | 4.5 ± 0.95 | 0.006 |
Alpha-HCH (ng/mL) * | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.15 |
Beta-HCH (ng/mL) * | 0.62 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 0.35 |
Gamma-HCH (ng/mL) * | 2.8 ± 0.49 | 7.3 ± 0.84 | <0.001 |
Sum HCH(ng/mL) | 3.8 ± 0.51 | 8.8 ± 0.88 | <0.001 |
Parameters | α-HCH (ng/mL) | β-HCH (ng/mL) | γ-HCH (ng/mL) | Sum HCH (ng/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.009 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 | 0.008 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Waist (cm) | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
Hips (cm) | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.05 | −0.05 |
SAD (cm) | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.19 ** | 0.23 ** |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.16 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.005 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.23 ** | 0.26 ** |
HDL (mmol/L) | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.14 | −0.13 * |
LDL(mmol/L | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.06 | 0.007 | 0.15 ** | 0.16 ** |
Insulin (IU/mL) | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
HOMA-IR | 0.04 | 0.39 ** | 0.16 | 0.22 ** |
HbA1c (%) | 0.06 | 0.05 | -- | -- |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | −0.03 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.01 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.01 |
Resistin (ng/mL) | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Parameters | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
α-HCH (ng/mL) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) * | 1.9 (0.92, 4.2) | 1.6 (0.86, 2.9) | 1.7 (0.72, 4.3) |
Female | 1.4 (0.687, 2.9) | 1.6 (0.59, 4.5) | 1.3 (0.57, 3.0) | 1.5 (0.35, 6.2) |
Male | 2.1 (0.85, 4.9) | 2.3 (0.72, 7.2) | 2.1 (0.79, 5.2) | 2.1 (0.60, 7.2) |
β-HCH (ng/mL) | 1.6 (1.0,2.7) * | 1.1 (0.58, 2.2) | 1.6 (0.94, 2.9) | 0.96 (0.43, 2.1) |
Female | 1.5 (0.81, 2.8) | 1.1 (0.47, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.62, 2.9) | 1.1 (0.31, 3.6) |
Male | 1.8 (0.83, 4.1) | 1.0 (0.38, 3.0) | 2.2 (0.90, 5.4) | 1.0 (0.32, 3.3) |
γ-HCH (ng/mL) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.9) * | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) * | 1.8 (1.1, 3.2) * | 1.8 (0.86, 3.9) |
Female | 2.1 (1.1, 3.8) * | 2.8 (1.2, 6.6) * | 2.9 (1.3, 5.8) * | 3.9 (1.1, 6.8) * |
Male | 1.4 (0.67, 3.1) | 1.3 (0.49, 3.7) | 1.3 (0.56, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.40, 3.6) |
Sum HCH (ng/mL) | 2.8 (1.6, 4.4) * | 2.8 (1.4, 5.4) * | 3.2 (1.8, 5.5) * | 2.7 (1.3, 6.0) * |
Female | 2.4 (1.3, 4.6) * | 3.2 (1.3, 7.8) * | 3.3 (1.9, 7.6) * | 4.3 (2.1, 8.3) * |
Male | 3.2 (1.4, 7.0) * | 2.6 (0.90, 7.4) | 3.0 (1.2, 7.2) * | 2. 1(0.72, 7.2) |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al-Othman, A.; Yakout, S.; Abd-Alrahman, S.H.; Al-Daghri, N.M. Strong Associations Between the Pesticide Hexachlorocyclohexane and Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 8984-8995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110908984
Al-Othman A, Yakout S, Abd-Alrahman SH, Al-Daghri NM. Strong Associations Between the Pesticide Hexachlorocyclohexane and Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):8984-8995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110908984
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Othman, Abdulaziz, Sobhy Yakout, Sherif H. Abd-Alrahman, and Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2014. "Strong Associations Between the Pesticide Hexachlorocyclohexane and Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 8984-8995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110908984