Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Groundwater in Three Regions of the Valencian Community (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Test Site Characteristics
2.2. Groundwater Bodies (GWB)
2.3. Database
2.4.Data Grouping
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Vulnerability Maps
3. Results
Categories | Criteria | No. Wells | Percentage (%) | Region | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Utiel Requena | Ribera Alta | Ribera Baja | p | |||||||
No. Wells | % | No. Wells | % | No. Wells | % | |||||
<1 | Low frequency | 113 | 81.88 | 47 | 92.16 | 46 | 73.02 | 20 | 83.33 | 0.030 |
1–100 | High frequency | 25 | 18.12 | 4 | 7.84 | 17 | 26.98 | 4 | 16.67 | 0.030 |
All wells | 138 | 100 | 51 | 36.96 | 63 | 45.65 | 24 | 17.39 | <0.001 | |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Categories | No. samples | No. Wells | E. coli | Percentage of positive wells | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min | Max | FE | SRC | |||
1 | 258 | 113 | 0.12 | 1.99 | 0.00 | 32.00 | 11.5 | 6.19 |
1–100 | 60 | 25 | 4.02 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 55.00 | 64 | 36 |
All wells | 318 | 138 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 21.01 | 11.59 |
p | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Criteria (Well) | Categories | Statistical analysis of difference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 | 1–100 | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | ||
Depth (m) | 140.83 | 108.37 | 0.00 | 560.00 | 126.04 | 87.40 | 4.00 | 300.00 | t = 0.62; p = 0.472 |
Static level (m) | 48.79 | 63.66 | 0.00 | 400.00 | 39.75 | 33.69 | 0.00 | 120.00 | t = −0.95; p = 0.343 |
Flow (L/min) | 2,272.29 | 2,490.08 | 0.00 | 14,166.00 | 3,102.08 | 3,590.89 | 0.00 | 15,000.00 | t = 1.10; p = 0.281 |
Proximity to population centr (m) | 1,572.29 | 2,064.99 | 0.00 | 10,000.00 | 1,300.0 | 1,750.70 | 0.00 | 5,000.00 | t = −0.69; p = 0.492 |
Categories | GWB type and vulnerability class | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbonated * | Detrital-Mixed * | ||||||||||
No. wells | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Very Low | No. wells | High (8,9,10) | Intermediate (5,6,7) | Low (3,4) | VeryLow (1,2) | |
<1 | 51 | 9.8 | 25.49 | 29.41 | 9.8 | 25.49 | 62 | 9.67 | 40.32 | 40.32 | 9.67 |
1–100 | 14 | 21.42 | 35.71 | 0 | 35.71 | 7.14 | 11 | 0 | 63.63 | 9.09 | 27.27 |
All wells | 65 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 73 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Risk factors of Contamination * | Risk factors (expressed as percentage) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cased (type of well) | Fenced | Shed | Distance < 90 m | ||||||
Solid waste landfill | Cesspool | Sewer | Wastewater | Farms | Irrigation | ||||
Yes | 24.00 | 36 | 40 | 84 | 56 | 24 | |||
No | 76.00 | 64 | 52 | 88 | 4 | 32 | 88 | 100 | 76 |
p | <0.001 | 0.048 | 0.392 | <0.001 | 0.087 | <0.001 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Microbiological Contamination
4.2.Spatial Distribution of Wells
4.3.Risk Factors
4.4. Type of Groundwater Body (GWB)
4.5.Maps and Classes of Vulnerability to Pollution
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Llopis-González, A.; Sánchez, A.L.; Requena, P.M.; Suárez-Varela, M.M. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Groundwater in Three Regions of the Valencian Community (Spain). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 5527-5540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505527
Llopis-González A, Sánchez AL, Requena PM, Suárez-Varela MM. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Groundwater in Three Regions of the Valencian Community (Spain). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(5):5527-5540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505527
Chicago/Turabian StyleLlopis-González, Agustín, Adriana L. Sánchez, Pedro Martí Requena, and María Morales Suárez-Varela. 2014. "Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Groundwater in Three Regions of the Valencian Community (Spain)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 5: 5527-5540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505527