Bioaerosols from a Food Waste Composting Plant Affect Human Airway Epithelial Cell Remodeling Genes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Field Sampling of Airborne Bioaerosols
2.2. Culture of Microorganisms from the Composting Facility
2.3. Endotoxin Detection
2.4. Identification of A. fumigatus
2.5. Cell Culture of Human Airway Epithelial Cells
2.6. Preparation of A. fumigatus/Field Bioaerosols Conditioned Medium
2.7. Determination of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-6 Protein
2.8. Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Gene Expression
Sampling Site | Bacteria | Fungi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mesophiles (CFU/m3) (n) | Thermophiles (CFU/m3) (n) | Mesophiles (CFU/m3) (n) | Thermophiles (CFU/m3) (n) | |
Composting | 4.0 × 104 * (64)
(1.3 × 103–3.7 × 105) | 1.7 × 104 (37)
(1.0 × 103–1.9 × 105) | 5.4 × 103 (16)
(9.2 × 102–1.4 × 104) | 3.4 × 103 (8)
(3.2 × 102–8.8 × 103) |
Maintenance | 1.4 × 104 * (24)
(2.3 × 103–4.0 × 104) | 6.3 × 103 (16)
(1.5 × 102–1.4 × 104) | 4.1 × 103 (8)
(2.3 × 103–8.7 × 103) | 3.7 × 103 (4)
(1.3 × 103–8.5 × 103) |
Restaurant | 1.7 × 103 * (11)
(4.3 × 102–4.3 × 103) | 2.0 × 102 (9)
(2.6 × 101–4.4 × 102) | 1.0 × 103 * (6)
(6.8 × 101–2.4 × 103) | 1.2 × 102 (4)
(8.0 × 101–2.0 × 102) |
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Quantification of A. fumigatus
3.2. Microbe Concentrations in Different Areas of the Composting Hall
3.3. Airborne Particle Concentration and Endotoxin Levels in the Composting Plant
Sampling Site | Particle Meter (PM) | Airborne Particle Concentration (μg/m3) | EU/m3 | EU/mg | EU/mg (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indoor | Coarse particle (2.5~10 μm) | 36.0 | 32.9 ± 47.1 | 913.9 | 68.7 |
Fine particle (0.25~2.5 μm) | 96.9 | 40.4 ± 2.1 | 416.9 | 31.3 | |
Outdoor | Coarse particle (2.5~10 μm) | 19.0 | 12.7 ± 15.1 | 668.4 | 59.8 |
Fine particle (0.25~2.5 μm) | 34.7 | 15.6 ± 5.5 | 449.6 | 40.2 |
3.4. IL-6 Secretion in NCI-H292 Cells Exposed to a Conditioned Medium of Field Bioaerosol Samples
3.5. Exposure to Bioaerosol or A. fumigatus Mediated Gene Expression
4. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chang, M.-W.; Lee, C.-R.; Hung, H.-F.; Teng, K.-S.; Huang, H.; Chuang, C.-Y. Bioaerosols from a Food Waste Composting Plant Affect Human Airway Epithelial Cell Remodeling Genes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 337-354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100337
Chang M-W, Lee C-R, Hung H-F, Teng K-S, Huang H, Chuang C-Y. Bioaerosols from a Food Waste Composting Plant Affect Human Airway Epithelial Cell Remodeling Genes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(1):337-354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100337
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Ming-Wei, Chung-Ru Lee, Hsueh-Fen Hung, Kuo-Sheng Teng, Hsin Huang, and Chun-Yu Chuang. 2014. "Bioaerosols from a Food Waste Composting Plant Affect Human Airway Epithelial Cell Remodeling Genes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 1: 337-354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100337