Tobacco Retail Outlets and Vulnerable Populations in Ontario, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Increased density of tobacco retail outlets per population at the public health unit level (a unit of health administration governance larger than a municipality and approximately equivalent to a county) is associated with increased prevalence of smoking in that unit.
- Tobacco retail outlets are more likely to be located in dissemination areas (neighbourhoods) that have lower socio-economic status, have a higher percentage of immigrants among the population and this effect will vary by urban and rural locations.
- Tobacco retail outlets in lower socio-economic status neighbourhoods are more likely to be located close to a school and to other retailers.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Mapping
2.3. Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
Ontario Tobacco Retailers | Ontario Population | |
---|---|---|
% | % | |
Area classification type * | ||
Census metropolitan area | 74 | 79 |
Census agglomeration | 10 | 9 |
Non-metropolitation/agglomeration | 16 | 12 |
Rurality | ||
Urban | 84 | 85 |
Rural | 16 | 15 |
Community size | ||
1,500,000 + | 42 | 42 |
500,000–1,499,999 | 10 | 12 |
100,000–499,999 | 23 | 25 |
10,000–99,999 | 9 | 9 |
<10,000 | 16 | 12 |
Urban | Rural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | p-value | Odds Ratio | p-value | |
Neighbourhood deprivation * | ||||
Quartile 1—least deprivation | Referent | Referent | ||
Quartile 2 | 1.58 | <0.0001 | 3.15 | <0.0001 |
Quartile 3 | 2.04 | <0.0001 | 3.60 | <0.0001 |
Quartile 4—most deprivation | 3.14 | <0.0001 | 2.70 | <0.0001 |
Immigrant population | ||||
Quartile 1—fewest immigrants | Referent | Referent | ||
Quartile 2 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 1.61 | 0.0002 |
Quartile 3 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 1.52 | 0.2556 |
Quartile 4—most immigrants | 0.89 | 0.01 | ||
Blue-collar workers † | ||||
Quartile 1—fewest blue-collar | Referent | Referent | ||
Quartile 2 | 1.23 | <0.0001 | 2.387 | <0.0001 |
Quartile 3 | 1.41 | <0.0001 | 2.304 | <0.0001 |
Quartile 4—most blue-collar | 1.42 | <0.0001 | 2.408 | <0.0001 |
Rural Retailers
N (%) | Urban Retailers
N (%) | Total
N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
#of schools within 500 m of retailer | |||
0 | 1,335 (61.7%) | 2,835 (31.7%) | 4,170 (37.5%) |
1+ | 828 (38.3%) | 6,115 (68.3%) | 6,943 (62.5%) |
#of schools within 250 m of retailer | |||
0 | 1,791 (82.8%) | 6,244 (70%) | 8,035 (72.3%) |
1+ | 372 (17.2%) | 2,706 (30%) | 3,078 (27.7%) |
Total N | 2,163 | 8,950 | 11,113 |
Neighbourhood Income Quintiles | # of Retailers within Meters of a School N (%) | |
---|---|---|
Retailers within 250 m | Retailers within 500 m | |
1 (lowest) | 1,025 (33.3%) | 2,236 (72.7%) |
2 | 754 (29.2%) | 1,707 (66.2%) |
3 | 491 (23.6%) | 1,159 (55.7%) |
4 | 392 (22.3%) | 950 (54.0%) |
5 (highest) | 385 (25.4%) | 831 (54.9%) |
p-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
3.2. Discussion
4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chaiton, M.O.; Mecredy, G.C.; Cohen, J.E.; Tilson, M.L. Tobacco Retail Outlets and Vulnerable Populations in Ontario, Canada. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 7299-7309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10127299
Chaiton MO, Mecredy GC, Cohen JE, Tilson ML. Tobacco Retail Outlets and Vulnerable Populations in Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(12):7299-7309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10127299
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaiton, Michael O., Graham C. Mecredy, Joanna E. Cohen, and Melodie L. Tilson. 2013. "Tobacco Retail Outlets and Vulnerable Populations in Ontario, Canada" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 12: 7299-7309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10127299