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Marine Drugs
Volume 24
Issue 4
10.3390/md24040133
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Review

Marine Pharmacology in 2022–2023: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities, Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

by
Alejandro M. S. Mayer
1,*,
Veronica A. Mayer
2,
Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
3,
Marsha L. Pierce
1,
Cai M. Roberts
1,
Abimael D. Rodríguez
4,
Fumiaki Nakamura
5 and
Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
6
1
Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
2
Department of Nursing Education, School of Nursing, Aurora University, 347 S. Gladstone Ave., Aurora, IL 60506, USA
3
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
4
Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
5
Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
6
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24040133 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 February 2026 / Revised: 27 March 2026 / Accepted: 1 April 2026 / Published: 9 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

During 2022–2023, research groups from 40 nations contributed to the preclinical pharmacology of 173 structurally defined marine-derived compounds, unveiling innovative mechanisms of action. Peer-reviewed publications in the field of marine natural product pharmacology during 2022–2023 included mechanism-of-action studies with 43 compounds showing antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antitubercular, and antiviral activity. Additional mechanism-of-action studies were reported for 74 marine compounds that exhibited antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as significant effects on both the immune and nervous systems. Finally, while 65 marine compounds revealed unique and diverse pharmacological mechanisms, further investigation will be required to determine whether they will contribute to a particular therapeutic category. Collectively, the pharmacology of 2022–2023 preclinical marine natural products demonstrated robust activity, offering both novel mechanistic insights and promising chemical scaffolds to enrich the 2026 marine pharmaceutical development pipeline (https://www.marinepharmacology.org/) which currently consists of 17 marine-derived pharmaceuticals approved for clinical use and 29 compounds in either Phase I, II or III of clinical pharmaceutical development.
Keywords: drug; marine; sea; pharmacology; pharmaceutical; review; toxicology; pipeline; preclinical; mechanism drug; marine; sea; pharmacology; pharmaceutical; review; toxicology; pipeline; preclinical; mechanism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mayer, A.M.S.; Mayer, V.A.; Swanson-Mungerson, M.; Pierce, M.L.; Roberts, C.M.; Rodríguez, A.D.; Nakamura, F.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O. Marine Pharmacology in 2022–2023: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities, Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Mar. Drugs 2026, 24, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/md24040133

AMA Style

Mayer AMS, Mayer VA, Swanson-Mungerson M, Pierce ML, Roberts CM, Rodríguez AD, Nakamura F, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Marine Pharmacology in 2022–2023: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities, Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Marine Drugs. 2026; 24(4):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/md24040133

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mayer, Alejandro M. S., Veronica A. Mayer, Michelle Swanson-Mungerson, Marsha L. Pierce, Cai M. Roberts, Abimael D. Rodríguez, Fumiaki Nakamura, and Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati. 2026. "Marine Pharmacology in 2022–2023: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities, Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action" Marine Drugs 24, no. 4: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/md24040133

APA Style

Mayer, A. M. S., Mayer, V. A., Swanson-Mungerson, M., Pierce, M. L., Roberts, C. M., Rodríguez, A. D., Nakamura, F., & Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (2026). Marine Pharmacology in 2022–2023: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities, Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Marine Drugs, 24(4), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/md24040133

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