Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Property, and Anti-Atopic Effect of Chaetomorpha linum Extract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition of C. linum Extract
2.1.1. UPLC-MS/MS Analysis
2.1.2. GC-FID Analysis
2.2. The Effect of CLE on Cell Viability of RAW 264.7 and HaCaT Cells
2.3. The Effects of CLE on Inflammatory Mediators in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells
2.4. The Effect of CLE on NF-κB Activation in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells
2.5. CLE Reduced Inflammation in TNF-α/IFN-γ Insulted HaCaT Cells
2.6. Mutagenicity Assay: Ames Test
2.7. In Silico Results
Target/Compound Virtual Screening
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. The Collection of Chaetomorpha linum and the Preparation of Algae Extract (CLE)
4.3. NMR Spectroscopy
4.4. UPLC-MS/MS
4.5. GC-FID
4.6. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4.6.1. Cell Cultures
4.6.2. RAW 264.7 and HaCaT Cells Viability
4.6.3. Cell Stimulation
4.6.4. The Quantification of Intracellular ROS Generation
4.6.5. The Determination of NO Production
4.6.6. Immunofluorescence Study
4.6.7. Protein Extraction
4.6.8. Western Blotting
4.6.9. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay
4.7. Mutagenicity Assay: Ames Test
4.8. Statistical Analysis
4.9. In Silico Studies
Structural Optimization and Resources
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Class | Name | Retention Time (min) | Formula | Calculated MW | m/z | Reference Ion | Mass Error (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lipids | Palmitin | 41.679 | C19H38O4 | 330.2777 | 331.2849 | [M+H]+ | 1.99 |
Oleic acid | 50.271 | C18H34O2 | 282.2555 | 281.2482 | [M−H]− | −1.54 | |
Stearidonic acid | 24.921 | C18H28O2 | 276.2094 | 277.2167 | [M+H]+ | 1.81 | |
Hydroxymyristic acid | 40.396 | C14H28O3 | 244.2033 | 243.196 | [M−H]− | −2.14 | |
Hydroxylauric acid | 35.009 | C12H24O3 | 216.172 | 215.1647 | [M−H]− | −2.61 | |
Dihydroxypalmitic acid | 37.957 | C16H34O4 | 290.2461 | 291.2534 | [M+H]+ | 1.38 | |
9(10)-EpODE | 38.428 | C18H30O3 | 294.2204 | 295.2276 | [M+H]+ | 2.9 | |
Hydroxylinoleic acid | 40.866 | C18H32O3 | 296.236 | 297.2432 | [M+H]+ | 2.8 | |
Lauramide | 35.481 | C12H25NO | 199.1942 | 200.2014 | [M+H]+ | 2.71 | |
8-Pentadecenal | 41.627 | C15H28O | 224.2136 | 223.2063 | [M−H]− | −2.03 | |
Amino acids | Valine | 2.043 | C5H11NO2 | 117.0793 | 118.0866 | [M+H]+ | 2.5 |
Norleucine | 1.877 | C6H13NO2 | 131.0948 | 132.1021 | [M+H]+ | 1.18 | |
Thymine | 8.042 | C5H6N2O2 | 126.0433 | 127.0505 | [M+H]+ | 2.52 | |
Terpenoids | Carnosic acid | 31.801 | C20H28O4 | 332.1984 | 333.2056 | [M+H]+ | −1.23 |
Rosmanol | 28.817 | C20H26O5 | 346.1783 | 347.1856 | [M+H]+ | 0.89 | |
Methyl dehydroabietate | 40.729 | C21H30O2 | 314.2241 | 315.2313 | [M+H]+ | −1.7 | |
Kaempferol | 12.302 | C15H10O6 | 286.0479 | 285.0407 | [M−H]− | 0.66 | |
Flavonoids | Apigenin | 32.899 | C15H10O5 | 270.0532 | 269.0459 | [M−H]− | 1.42 |
3′-O-Methylequol | 23.484 | C16H16O4 | 272.1052 | 271.0979 | [M−H]− | 1.06 |
Fatty Acid | RT (min) | Area % * |
---|---|---|
Caproic acid C6:0 | 7.21 | 1.66 ± 0.19 |
Caprylic acid C8:0 | 9.53 | 0.33 ± 0.06 |
Lauric acid C12:0 | 18.68 | 1.06 ± 0.08 |
Tridecanoic acid C13:0 | 20.16 | 1.38 ± 0.09 |
Myristic C14:0 | 23.09 | 20.46 ± 2.12 |
Palmitic acid C16:0 | 29.27 | 52.18 ± 1.87 |
Palmitoleic acid C16:1 | 31.09 | 1.14 ± 0.15 |
Stearic acid C18:0 | 35.51 | 1.00 ± 0.07 |
Oleic acid C18:1 | 37.12 | 11.70 ± 1.24 |
Linoleic acid C18:2 | 39.74 | 7.35 ± 1.42 |
Eicosapentanoic acid C20:5 | 52.62 | 0.24 ± 0.05 |
Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 | 58.81 | 2.65 ± 0.18 |
Collection Date | Voucher Number | Type | Species Name | Location | GPS Point |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 May 2021 | CL01 | Green | Chaetomorpha linum | Orbetello | 42°26′15.1″ N 11°11′38.7″ E |
18 May 2021 | CL02 | Green | Chaetomorpha linum | Orbetello | 42°26′15.1″ N 11°11′38.7″ E |
25 May 2021 | CL03 | Green | Chaetomorpha linum | Orbetello | 42°26′15.1″ N 11°11′38.7″ E |
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Frusciante, L.; Geminiani, M.; Trezza, A.; Olmastroni, T.; Mastroeni, P.; Salvini, L.; Lamponi, S.; Bernini, A.; Grasso, D.; Dreassi, E.; et al. Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Property, and Anti-Atopic Effect of Chaetomorpha linum Extract. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22050226
Frusciante L, Geminiani M, Trezza A, Olmastroni T, Mastroeni P, Salvini L, Lamponi S, Bernini A, Grasso D, Dreassi E, et al. Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Property, and Anti-Atopic Effect of Chaetomorpha linum Extract. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(5):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22050226
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrusciante, Luisa, Michela Geminiani, Alfonso Trezza, Tommaso Olmastroni, Pierfrancesco Mastroeni, Laura Salvini, Stefania Lamponi, Andrea Bernini, Daniela Grasso, Elena Dreassi, and et al. 2024. "Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Property, and Anti-Atopic Effect of Chaetomorpha linum Extract" Marine Drugs 22, no. 5: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22050226