Anti-Fine Dust Effect of Fucoidan Extracted from Ecklonia maxima Leaves in Macrophages via Inhibiting Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Proximate Chemical Composition of E. Maxima and its Polysaccharide Fractions
2.2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra and Molecular Weight Determination of the Isolated Fucoidan Fractions
2.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Monosaccharide Composition of the Active Fraction
2.4. Fucoidan Extracted from E. Maxima Inhibited NO Production in PM-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells
2.5. EMLF7 Attenuated PGE2 and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in PM-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells
2.6. EMLF7 Reduced the Expression Levels of iNOS and COX-2 Proteins in PM-Stimulated Macrophage Cells
2.7. Inhibition of the NF-κB Phosphorylation and MAPK Signaling Pathways by EMLF7
2.8. Downregulation of the iNOS and COX-2 Gene Expressions, and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine mRNA Expression in PM-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells by EMLF7
2.9. Inhibition of PM-Stimulated Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 mRNA Expressions by the EMLF7 Treatment in RAW 264.7 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. CRM No. 28 Particulate Matter
4.3. Collection and Preparation of the Crude Polysaccharide Sample
4.4. Proximate Composition Analysis
4.5. Separation and Purification by Anion-Exchange Chromatography
4.6. FTIR Spectroscopy, NMR Analysis, and Monosaccharide Quantification, and Molecular Weight Determination of the Fucoidan Fractions
4.7. Cell Culture
4.8. Cell Viability and NO Production
4.9. Determination of PGE2 and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production
4.10. Western Blot Analysis
4.11. RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polysaccharide Content % | Sulfate Content % | Protein Content % | Polyphenol Content % | Sulfated Polysaccharide Content % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude fucoidan | 60.54 | 23.63 | 2.82 | 2.01 | 84.17 |
EMLF1 | 76.53 | 11.98 | 1.41 | 1.08 | 88.51 |
EMLF2 | 72.38 | 18.69 | 0.86 | 1.07 | 91.07 |
EMLF3 | 69.55 | 22.64 | 0.86 | 0.95 | 92.19 |
EMLF4 | 65.49 | 25.16 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 90.65 |
EMLF5 | 60.14 | 32.67 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 92.81 |
EMLF6 | 56.89 | 35.11 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 92 |
EMLF7 | 51.44 | 39.76 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 91.2 |
EMLF1 | EMLF2 | EMLF3 | EMLF4 | EMLF5 | EMLF6 | EMLF7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fucose | 0.73 | 16.46 | 28.82 | 33.01 | 36.83 | 56.68 | 81.83 |
Rhamnose | ND | 1.34 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 1.86 | 1.08 | 0.33 |
Arabinose | ND | 0.66 | 4.1 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
Galactose | ND | 11.51 | 20.42 | 18.7 | 34.17 | 25.01 | 14.67 |
Glucose | 99.27 | 46.27 | 4.31 | 5.76 | ND | ND | ND |
Mannose | ND | 23.76 | 41.38 | 41.5 | 26.91 | 17.11 | 3.13 |
Yield % | 9.55 ± 0.56 | 9.04 ± 0.22 | 10.74 ±0.42 | 11.32 ± 0.26 | 9.51 ± 0.62 | 9.36 ± 0.49 | 9.11 ± 0.68 |
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Nagahawatta, D.P.; Liyanage, N.M.; Jayawardhana, H.H.A.C.K.; Lee, H.-G.; Jayawardena, T.U.; Jeon, Y.-J. Anti-Fine Dust Effect of Fucoidan Extracted from Ecklonia maxima Leaves in Macrophages via Inhibiting Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070413
Nagahawatta DP, Liyanage NM, Jayawardhana HHACK, Lee H-G, Jayawardena TU, Jeon Y-J. Anti-Fine Dust Effect of Fucoidan Extracted from Ecklonia maxima Leaves in Macrophages via Inhibiting Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. Marine Drugs. 2022; 20(7):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070413
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagahawatta, D.P., N.M. Liyanage, H.H.A.C.K. Jayawardhana, Hyo-Geun Lee, Thilina U. Jayawardena, and You-Jin Jeon. 2022. "Anti-Fine Dust Effect of Fucoidan Extracted from Ecklonia maxima Leaves in Macrophages via Inhibiting Inflammatory Signaling Pathways" Marine Drugs 20, no. 7: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070413