Cosmetic Application of Cyanobacteria Extracts with a Sustainable Vision to Skincare: Role in the Antioxidant and Antiaging Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cytotoxicity
2.2. Phytochemical Analysis
2.2.1. Carotenoids
2.2.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.2.3. Total Proteins
2.2.4. Phycobiliproteins (PBPs)
2.3. Biological Activities
2.4. Enzymes Inhibition
2.4.1. Hyaluronidase (Hase) Inhibition
2.4.2. Elastase Inhibition
2.4.3. Tyrosinase Inhibition
2.4.4. Collagenase Inhibition
3. Discussion
3.1. Phytochemical Analysis
3.1.1. Carotenoids and Chlorophylls
3.1.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.1.3. Proteins
3.1.4. Phycobiliproteins (PBPs)
3.1.5. Antioxidant Potential
3.1.6. Inhibition of Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cyanobacteria Strains and Biomass Production
4.2. Extract Preparation
4.3. Phytochemical Analysis
4.3.1. Determination of Pigments Profile by HPLC-PDA
4.3.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
4.3.3. Total Proteins
4.3.4. Phycobiliproteins
4.4. Cell Assays
4.4.1. Cell Culture
4.4.2. Cytotoxicity—MTT Assay
4.5. Biological Activities
4.5.1. Superoxide Anion Radical (O2•−) Scavenging
4.5.2. Hyaluronidase Inhibition
4.5.3. Elastase Inhibition
4.5.4. Collagenase Inhibition
4.5.5. Tyrosinase Inhibition
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak | Compound | RT (min) | Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 191159 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extract | Acetonic Extract | Aqueous Extract | Acetonic Extract | Aqueous Extract | Acetonic Extract | Aqueous Extract | Acetonic Extract | Aqueous Extract | Acetonic Extract | Aqueous Extract | |||
1 | Unidentified carotenoid | 13.35 | nq | 7.28 ± 0.03 a | nd | 2.55 ± 0.04 c | nd | 3.31 ± 0.07 b | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
2 | Lutein | 13.44 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.07 ± 0.70 | nd | 1.96 ± 0.15 | nd |
3 | Unidentified carotenoid | 14.81 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 21.03 ± 0.40 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 7.75 ± 0.39 b | nq | 8.53 ± 0.03 b | nd | nd | nd | 0.77 ± 0.12 c | nd |
4 | Chlorophyll−a | 17.02 | nd | nd | 14.77 ± 1.21 A | 32.19 ± 1.02 | 0.81 ± 0.06 C | nd | 0.06 ± 0.002 | nd | 9.42 ± 1.01 B | 31.96 ± 2.04 | 8.69 ± 0.07 B |
5 | Zeaxanthin | 17.15 | 1.58 ± 0.08 | 53.08 ± 1.48 a | nd | nd | 39.85 ± 2.69 b | 24.38 ± 0.33 c | nd | nd | |||
6 | Chlorophyll−a derivative | 17.98 | nd | 25.27 ± 1.17 b | nd | 29.23 ± 0.69 a,b | nd | 34.81 ± 1.52 a | nd | 12.69 ± 2.04 c | nq | 21.90 ± 3.55 b | nd |
7 | Myxoxanthophyll | 21.07 | nd | nd | 0.29 ± 0.03 A | 8.22 ± 0.37 a | nd | 4.07 ± 0.38 b | 0.01 ± 0.002 C | 5.41 ± 0.28 a,b | 0.17 ± 0.05 A,B | 8.43 ± 1.41 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 B |
8 | Unidentified carotenoid | 22.18 | nd | 1.40 ± 0.18 a | nd | 2.13 ± 0.07 a | nd | 1.27 ± 0.02 b | nd | 1.15 ± 0.03 b | nd | 1.76 ± 0.41 a | nd |
9 | Unidentified carotenoid | 25.89 | nq | 1.21 ± 0.15 a | nd | 0.70 ± 0.01 b | nd | 1.37 ± 0.17 a | nd | 0.26 ± 0.08 b | nd | nd | nd |
10 | Echinenone | 27.01 | nd | 1.17 ± 0.07 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
11 | Unidentified carotenoid | 28.93 | nd | 1.10 ± 0.04 b | nd | nd | nd | 2.02 ± 0.24 a | nd | 1.15 ± 0.14 b | nd | 1.00 ± 0.08 b | nd |
12 | Unidentified carotenoid | 29.7 | nq | 0.41 ± 0.16 b | nq | 1.15 ± 0.07 a | nd | nd | nd | 0.26 ± 0.09 b | nd | nd | nq |
13 | β−Carotene | 34.32 | 0.88 ± 0.11 B | 19.58 ± 0.64 c | 1.22 ± 0.11 A | 25.13 ± 0.75 b,c | 0.05 ± 0.002 D | 47.89 ± 2.81 a | 0.10 ± 0.002 D | 29.30 ± 0.56 b | 0.54 ± 0.05 C | 30.57 ± 1.63 b | 0.68 ± 0.01 B,C |
14 | Phaeophytin-a | 34.69 | nq | 5.81 ± 1.08 a | nd | 2.25 ± 0.61 b | nd | 1.81 ± 0.11 b | nd | 5.23 ± 0.27 a | nd | 6.31 ± 0.33 a | nd |
15 | Unidentified carotenoid | 35.05 | nq | 3.92 ± 0.18 c | nq | 5.23 ± 0.64 a,b | nq | 6.51 ± 0.24 a | nq | 3.37 ± 0.11 c | nq | 4.53 ± 0.60 b,c | nq |
16 | γ−Carotene | 41.78 | nd | nq | nd | 35.96 ± 3.00 a | nd | 33.52 ± 3.79 a | nd | 32.11 ± 1.47 a | nd | 26.51 ± 1.99 b | nd |
Total carotenoids | 3.00 ±≤ 0.01 A | 115.98 ± 0.48 c | 1.55 ±≤ 0.01 B | 123.26 ± 0.85 b | 0.05 ±≤ 0.01 F | 150.15 ± 1.40 a | 0.18 ±≤ 0.01 E | 104.71 ± 0.42 d | 0.71 ±≤ 0.01 D | 113.81 ± 0.81 c | 0.84 ±≤ 0.01 C | ||
Total chlorophylls | nd | 25.27 ± 1.17 a,b | 14.77 ± 1.21 A | 29.23 ± 0.69 a,b | 0.81 ± 0.06 C | 34.81 ± 1.52 a | nd | 12.69 ± 2.04 c | 9.42 ± 1.01 B | 21.90 ± 3.55 b,c | 8.69 ± 0.07 B |
Strains | TPC (μg (GAE) mg−1 dry extract) | Total Proteins (μg (BSA) mg−1dry extract) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | Aqueous Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | |
Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | 14.79 a,b ± 0.20 | 23.11 a,b ± 0.69 | 309.63 e ± 4.26 | 167.49 b ± 4.93 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | 14.49 a,b ± 0.48 | 20.14 b,c ± 0.16 | 695.25 b ± 10.35 | 199.37 a ± 6.38 |
Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | 14.93 a,b ± 0.27 | 27.13 a ± 0.07 | 463.70 d ± 8.78 | 158.67 ± 2.58 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | 14.92 a,b ± 0.66 | 17.86 c ± 0.06 | 760.81 a ± 15.72 | 128.84 c ± 7.12 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | 15.67 a ± 0.23 | 24.71 a,b ± 0.53 | 579.99 c ± 12.36 | 209.31 a ± 4.36 |
Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 181159 | 11.46 b ± 0.67 | − | 550.59 c ± 18.14 | − |
Strains | Phycobiliproteins (μg mg−1 dry aqueous extract) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phycocyanin | Allophycocyanin | Phycoerythrin | |
Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | 18.21 f ± 1.36 | 11.26 e ± 1.20 | 8.06 e ± 1.17 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | 222.76 a ± 0.79 | 57.29 b ± 0.17 | 17.31 d ± 0.11 |
Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | 76.10 e ± 0.13 | 37.05 d ± 0.28 | 159.05 b ± 0.14 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | 117.94 d ± 0.12 | 44.57 c ± 0.28 | 275.04 a ± 0.30 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | 194.43 c ± 0.39 | 44.52 c ± 0.34 | 17.42 d ± 0.22 |
Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 181159 | 201.15 b ± 0.78 | 65.90 a ± 0.67 | 26.33 c ± 0.16 |
Strains | O2•− (μg mL−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | |||
IC25 | IC50 | IC25 | IC50 | |
Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | 248.31 c ± 1.97 | 816.22 c ± 11.48 | 921.46 b ± 77.09 | 1549.10 b ± 65.28 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | 25.48 a,b ± 9.46 | 112.18 a ± 12.46 | 538.01 a ± 67.00 | 943.45 a ± 45.48 |
Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | 41.10 a,b ± 5.24 | nd | 647.24 a ± 8.95 | 1097.05 a ± 2.41 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | 25.48 a,b ± 6.81 | 63.24 a ± 24.67 | 467.26 a ± 41.66 | 847.65 a ± 30.70 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | 51.22 b ± 24.20 | 404.59 b ± 14.30 | 1032.15 b ± 139.10 | 1463.69 b ± 271.87 |
Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 181159 | 12.27 a ± 0.70 | 332.40 b ± 77.41 | − | − |
Strains | Hyaluronidase (μg mL−1) | Elastase (μg mL−1) | Tyrosinase (μg mL−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | |||||
IC25 | IC50 | IC25 | IC50 | IC25 | IC50 | IC25 | IC50 | |
Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | 488.39 a,b ± 97.20 | 894.59 c ± 78.14 | 796.94 a ± 284.55 | nd | nd | nd | 795.57 b ± 198.79 | nd |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | 257.05 a,b ± 1.39 | 483.86 a ± 86.71 | 595.11 a ± 4.77 | 726.29 a ± 16.56 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | 800.00 c ± 152.73 | nd | nd | nd | 378.26 b ± 24.50 | nd | 133.47 a ± 35.40 | 465.92 a ± 37.59 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | 188.89 a ± 86.14 | 645.06 a,b ± 118.73 | 613.47 a ± 82.241 | 859.83 a ± 122.08 | 51.43 a ± 20.02 | 380.50 ± 19.72 | 381.33 a ± 14.378 | 849.48 b ± 75.815 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | 397.72 a,b ± 70.00 | 624.51 a,b ± 19.84 | 442.63 a ± 36.54 | 738.88 a ± 83.79 | 233.47 b ± 89.26 | nd | nd | nd |
Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 181159 | 518.69 b,c ± 15.68 | 801.30 b,c ± 116.04 | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Strains | % Collagenase Inhibition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aqueous Extracts | Acetonic Extracts | |||
0.75 mg mL−1 | 1 mg mL−1 | 0.75 mg mL−1 | 1 mg mL−1 | |
Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | nd | 8.91 b ± 2.1 | 32.88 a ± 1.70 | nd |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | nd | nd | 9.81 b ± 2.28 | 44.40 a ± 3.87 |
Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | nd | nd | 36.61 a ± 2.72 | 36.74 a,b ± 7.82 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | nd | 25.97 a ± 6.22 | 7.30 b ± 1.58 | 24.82 b ± 4.01 |
Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 181159 | nd | nd | − | − |
Strains | Solvents | |
---|---|---|
Acetone | Water | |
Cyanobium sp. LEGE 07175 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 17.2 ± 1.4 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181150 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 39.0 ± 5.2 |
Leptothoe sp. LEGE 181156 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 26.6 ± 5.3 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181157 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 31.7 ± 8.4 |
Synechococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 181158 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 23.4 ± 5.6 |
Oscillatoriales cyanobacterium LEGE 181159 | − | 38.9 ± 1.0 |
Standards | Calibration Curve | r2 |
---|---|---|
Lutein | y = 31,188,975x + 81,368 | 0.9987 |
Chlorophyll-a | y =5,647,422x + 14,838 | 0.9989 |
Zeaxanthin | y = 40,108,171x + 97,810 | 0.9994 |
Cantaxanthin | y = 39,997,059x + 197,655 | 0.9992 |
Myxoxantophyll | y = 30,518,380x + 5976 | 0.9993 |
Echinenone | y = 74,770,292x + 126,878 | 0.9997 |
β-Carotene | y = 31,852,521x + 16,127 | 0.9999 |
γ-Carotene | y = 452,252x + 17,574 | 0.9913 |
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Morone, J.; Lopes, G.; Morais, J.; Neves, J.; Vasconcelos, V.; Martins, R. Cosmetic Application of Cyanobacteria Extracts with a Sustainable Vision to Skincare: Role in the Antioxidant and Antiaging Process. Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120761
Morone J, Lopes G, Morais J, Neves J, Vasconcelos V, Martins R. Cosmetic Application of Cyanobacteria Extracts with a Sustainable Vision to Skincare: Role in the Antioxidant and Antiaging Process. Marine Drugs. 2022; 20(12):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120761
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorone, Janaína, Graciliana Lopes, João Morais, Jorge Neves, Vítor Vasconcelos, and Rosário Martins. 2022. "Cosmetic Application of Cyanobacteria Extracts with a Sustainable Vision to Skincare: Role in the Antioxidant and Antiaging Process" Marine Drugs 20, no. 12: 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120761