Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity of Rhamnan Sulfate from Green Algae Monostroma nitidum in Mice with Normal and Compromised Immunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of RS on In Vitro Replication of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses
2.2. In Vitro Anti-Influenza Virus Targets
2.3. Effects of RS on Body Weight and Mortality in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice
2.4. Effects of RS on Virus Replication in Mice
2.5. Effects of RS on Antibody Responses in Sera
2.6. Detection of RS Uptake by M Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of RS
4.2. Cells and Viruses
4.3. In Vitro Antiviral Assays
4.4. Time-of-Addition Experiments
4.5. Virus Adsorption Assay
4.6. Virus Penetration Assay
4.7. Animals
4.8. Animal Experiments
4.9. Assay for Neutralizing Antibody
4.10. Preparation of FITC-Labeled RS
4.11. Preparation of Sections from Peyer’s Patches
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Host cell | Envelope | Cytotoxicity (CC50, μg/mL) | Antiviral activity (EC50, μg/mL) | Selectivity index (SI) (CC50/EC50) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A a | B b | A | B | ||||
HSV-1 | Vero | + | 16,000 ± 640 | 6.5 ± 0.49 | 31 ± 2.8 | 2500 ± 93 | 520 ± 28 |
HSV-2 | Vero | + | 16,000 ± 640 | 0.93 ± 0.18 | 4.7 ± 0.35 | 17,000 ± 2600 | 3400 ± 120 |
HCMV | MRC-5 | + | 12,000 ± 920 | 1.1 ± 0.18 | 67 ± 9.9 | 11,000 ± 930 | 180 ± 13 |
Measles virus | Vero | + | 16,000 ± 6 40 | 8.3 ± 0.57 | 4300 ± 450 | 1900 ± 210 | 3.7 ± 0.29 |
Mumps virus | Vero | + | 16,000 ± 640 | 1.5 ± 0.19 | 51 ± 6.4 | 11,000 ± 910 | 310 ± 26 |
IFV | MDCK | + | 17,000 ± 2000 | 41 ± 6.4 | 310 ± 42 | 410 ± 16 | 55 ± 1.1 |
HIV | HeLa | + | 9900 ± 780 | 1.2 ± 0.15 | 1.2 ± 0.11 | 8300 ± 370 | 8300 ± 190 |
Human coronavirus | MRC-5 | + | 12,000 ± 1900 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.13 | 16,000 ± 990 | 12,000 ± 350 |
Adenovirus | HeLa | - | 4300 ± 220 | 480 ± 42 | >1000 | 9.0 ± 0.37 | <4 |
Poliovirus | Vero | - | 16,000 ± 640 | >5000 | >5000 | <3 | <3 |
Coxsackie virus | Vero | - | 16,000 ± 640 | 2600 ± 170 | >5000 | 6.2 ± 0.14 | <3 |
Rhinovirus | HeLa | - | 13,000 ± 640 | 530 ± 29 | >1000 | 25 ± 0.14 | <13 |
Sample | FU-Treat | Survived/Challenged | Mortality | Day of Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | - | 11/11 | 0% | |
RS | - | 11/11 | 0% | |
Oseltamivir | - | 10/10 | 0% | |
Control | + | 9/11 | 18% | 9, 10 d |
RS | + | 10/10 | 0% | |
Oseltamivir | + | 6/6 | 0% |
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Terasawa, M.; Hayashi, K.; Lee, J.-B.; Nishiura, K.; Matsuda, K.; Hayashi, T.; Kawahara, T. Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity of Rhamnan Sulfate from Green Algae Monostroma nitidum in Mice with Normal and Compromised Immunity. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050254
Terasawa M, Hayashi K, Lee J-B, Nishiura K, Matsuda K, Hayashi T, Kawahara T. Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity of Rhamnan Sulfate from Green Algae Monostroma nitidum in Mice with Normal and Compromised Immunity. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(5):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050254
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerasawa, Masahiro, Kyoko Hayashi, Jung-Bum Lee, Kaoru Nishiura, Koichi Matsuda, Toshimitsu Hayashi, and Toshio Kawahara. 2020. "Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity of Rhamnan Sulfate from Green Algae Monostroma nitidum in Mice with Normal and Compromised Immunity" Marine Drugs 18, no. 5: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050254