Comparative Analysis of the Soluble Proteome and the Cytolytic Activity of Unbleached and Bleached Millepora complanata (“Fire Coral”) from the Mexican Caribbean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sample Collection and Soluble Proteome Extraction
2.2. Determination of the Degree of Bleaching
2.3. Electrophoresis SDS-PAGE
2.4. Two-Dimensional High-Resolution Gel Electrophoresis (2DE-PAGE)
2.5. Identification of Proteins Whose Levels Changed in Bleached M. complanata
2.6. Effect of Elevated Sea Temperature on the Cytolytic Activity of Unbleached- and Bleached M. complanata-Soluble Proteomes
3. Discussion
3.1. Levels of Proteins Implicated in Key Cellular Processes Were Modified in Bleached M. complanata
3.2. Proteins That Showed Amino Acid Sequence Similarity to Toxins Showed Different Levels in Bleached M. complanata
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection
4.2. Determination of the Degree of Bleaching
4.3. Soluble Proteome Extraction from Bleached and Unbleached M. complanata
4.4. Electrophoresis SDS-PAGE
4.5. First-Dimension Step, Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) and Two-Dimensional High-Resolution Gel Electrophoresis (2DE-PAGE)
4.6. Image Analysis
4.7. Protein in-Gel Digestion, MALDI-TOF/TOF Mass Spectrometry, and Data Analysis
4.8. Effect of Thermal Stress on the Cytolytic and PLA2 Activities of M. complanata Soluble Proteome
4.8.1. Comparative Hemolytic Activity between the Soluble Proteomes from Unbleached and Bleached Specimens of M. complanata
4.8.2. Comparative PLA2 Activity between the Soluble Proteomes from Unbleached and Bleached Specimens of M. complanata
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spot | Protein | Accession Number | MW/pI a | P b | Log2-fold Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toxins | |||||
2001 | Acidic PLA2 PA4 | A0A1D8GZE6_9CNID | 16.0/4.7 | ↑ | 4.4 |
2201 | Echotoxin-2 | ACTP2_MONPT | 39.7/4.6 | ↑ | 3.1 |
3103 | DELTA-actitoxin-Oor1b | ACTPG_OULOR | 22.805.1 | ↑ | 5.6 |
7101 | PREDICTED: Astacin-like metalloprotease toxin 5 | XP_002162822.1 | 33.1/7.0 | ↑ | 2.2 |
5001 | Acidic calcium-independent phospholipase A2-like protein | Q307P2_CHOFU | 19.1/5.8 | ↓ | 0.3 |
Primary metabolism | |||||
5406 | Alpha enolase | T2MHB9_HYDVU | 53.2/6.3 | ↑ | 2.8 |
7104 | PREDICTED: triosephosphate isomerase | XP_0021676111 | 27.6/6.7 | ↓ | 0.4 |
DNA repair | |||||
3104 | UV DNA endonuclease | UVSE_BACCR | 28.5/5.1 | ↑ | 3.0 |
6002 | DNA endonuclease repair XPF | A0A0C2MR15_THEKT | 12.5/6.7 | ↓ | 0.04 |
Cytoskeleton Component | |||||
5408 | Actin | ACT_HYDVU | 47.0/6.1 | ↓ | 0.3 |
Signaling protein | |||||
1101 | Calmodulin | T2MET0_HYDVU | 22.7/4.7 | ↓ | 0.4 |
Stress response | |||||
5504 | HSP70 | HSP70_HYDVU | 70.0/5.9 | ↑ | 2.6 |
Homeostasis redox | |||||
6103 | Peroxiredoxin-6 | T2MGB9_HYDVU | 22.8/6.2 | ↑ | 4.7 |
Exocytosis protein | |||||
7103 | PREDICTED: exocyst complex component 4-like protein | XP_004208568.1 | 33.2/7.5 | ↑ | 2.2 |
Unknown | |||||
6206 | Hypothetical protein NEMVEDRAFT_v1g45829 | A7TDG2_NEMVE | 34.7/6.6 | ↓ | 0.3 |
Extracts | Soluble Protein Content a | Hemolytic Activity b | PLA2 Activity c |
---|---|---|---|
UMc | 31.04 ± 1.30 | 2.07 ± 0.35 | 124.70 ± 1.98 |
BMc | 22.02 ± 0.70 | 0.96 ± 0.08 * | 29.13 ± 1.26 * |
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Hernández-Elizárraga, V.H.; Olguín-López, N.; Hernández-Matehuala, R.; Ocharán-Mercado, A.; Cruz-Hernández, A.; Guevara-González, R.G.; Caballero-Pérez, J.; Ibarra-Alvarado, C.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, J.; Rojas-Molina, A. Comparative Analysis of the Soluble Proteome and the Cytolytic Activity of Unbleached and Bleached Millepora complanata (“Fire Coral”) from the Mexican Caribbean. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17070393
Hernández-Elizárraga VH, Olguín-López N, Hernández-Matehuala R, Ocharán-Mercado A, Cruz-Hernández A, Guevara-González RG, Caballero-Pérez J, Ibarra-Alvarado C, Sánchez-Rodríguez J, Rojas-Molina A. Comparative Analysis of the Soluble Proteome and the Cytolytic Activity of Unbleached and Bleached Millepora complanata (“Fire Coral”) from the Mexican Caribbean. Marine Drugs. 2019; 17(7):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17070393
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Elizárraga, Víctor Hugo, Norma Olguín-López, Rosalina Hernández-Matehuala, Andrea Ocharán-Mercado, Andrés Cruz-Hernández, Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González, Juan Caballero-Pérez, César Ibarra-Alvarado, Judith Sánchez-Rodríguez, and Alejandra Rojas-Molina. 2019. "Comparative Analysis of the Soluble Proteome and the Cytolytic Activity of Unbleached and Bleached Millepora complanata (“Fire Coral”) from the Mexican Caribbean" Marine Drugs 17, no. 7: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17070393