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Volume 11
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10.3390/md11093350
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Article

Cytotoxicity, Fractionation and Dereplication of Extracts of the Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, a Producer of Pinnatoxin G

by
Marie Geiger
1,2,†,
Gwenaëlle Desanglois
3,†,
Kevin Hogeveen
3,
Valérie Fessard
3,
Thomas Leprêtre
1,2,
Florence Mondeguer
1,
Yann Guitton
1,2,
Fabienne Hervé
1,
Véronique Séchet
1,
Olivier Grovel
2,
Yves-François Pouchus
2 and
Philipp Hess
1,*
1
Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France
2
MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, LUNAM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
3
Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, ANSES, 35302 Fougères, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Mar. Drugs 2013, 11(9), 3350-3371; https://doi.org/10.3390/md11093350
Submission received: 5 June 2013 / Revised: 18 July 2013 / Accepted: 7 August 2013 / Published: 2 September 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Shellfish Toxins)
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Abstract

Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) is a marine toxin belonging to the class of cyclic imines and produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum. In spite of its strong toxicity to mice, leading to the classification of pinnatoxins into the class of “fast-acting toxins”, its hazard for human health has never been demonstrated. In this study, crude extracts of V. rugosum exhibited significant cytotoxicity against Neuro2A and KB cells. IC50 values of 0.38 µg mL−1 and 0.19 µg mL−1 were estimated on Neuro2A cells after only 24 h of incubation and on KB cells after 72 h of incubation, respectively. In the case of Caco-2 cells 48 h after exposure, the crude extract of V. rugosum induced cell cycle arrest accompanied by a dramatic increase in double strand DNA breaks, although only 40% cytotoxicity was observed at the highest concentration tested (5 µg mL−1). However, PnTX-G was not a potent cytotoxic compound as no reduction of the cell viability was observed on the different cell lines. Moreover, no effects on the cell cycle or DNA damage were observed following treatment of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells with PnTX-G. The crude extract of V. rugosum was thus partially purified using liquid-liquid partitioning and SPE clean-up. In vitro assays revealed strong activity of some fractions containing no PnTX-G. The crude extract and the most potent fraction were evaluated using full scan and tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. The dereplication revealed the presence of a major compound that could be putatively annotated as nakijiquinone A, N-carboxy-methyl-smenospongine or stachybotrin A, using the MarinLit™ database. Further investigations will be necessary to confirm the identity of the compounds responsible for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the extracts of V. rugosum.
Keywords: dereplication; cyclic imine; HRMS; bioactivity; pinnatoxins dereplication; cyclic imine; HRMS; bioactivity; pinnatoxins

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MDPI and ACS Style

Geiger, M.; Desanglois, G.; Hogeveen, K.; Fessard, V.; Leprêtre, T.; Mondeguer, F.; Guitton, Y.; Hervé, F.; Séchet, V.; Grovel, O.; et al. Cytotoxicity, Fractionation and Dereplication of Extracts of the Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, a Producer of Pinnatoxin G. Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 3350-3371. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11093350

AMA Style

Geiger M, Desanglois G, Hogeveen K, Fessard V, Leprêtre T, Mondeguer F, Guitton Y, Hervé F, Séchet V, Grovel O, et al. Cytotoxicity, Fractionation and Dereplication of Extracts of the Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, a Producer of Pinnatoxin G. Marine Drugs. 2013; 11(9):3350-3371. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11093350

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geiger, Marie, Gwenaëlle Desanglois, Kevin Hogeveen, Valérie Fessard, Thomas Leprêtre, Florence Mondeguer, Yann Guitton, Fabienne Hervé, Véronique Séchet, Olivier Grovel, and et al. 2013. "Cytotoxicity, Fractionation and Dereplication of Extracts of the Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, a Producer of Pinnatoxin G" Marine Drugs 11, no. 9: 3350-3371. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11093350

APA Style

Geiger, M., Desanglois, G., Hogeveen, K., Fessard, V., Leprêtre, T., Mondeguer, F., Guitton, Y., Hervé, F., Séchet, V., Grovel, O., Pouchus, Y.-F., & Hess, P. (2013). Cytotoxicity, Fractionation and Dereplication of Extracts of the Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, a Producer of Pinnatoxin G. Marine Drugs, 11(9), 3350-3371. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11093350

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