Effects of Different Occlusal Splints on Joint Vibrations in Bruxers
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Groups
2.2. Clinical Examinations
2.3. JVA Records
2.4. Occlusal Splint Treatment
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- All three occlusal splints improved clinical symptoms and complaints of individuals with bruxism.
- (2)
- The total energy of vibrations in the joint (Ti) decreases with the use of hard and semi-soft splints, while its increase with soft splints is significant.
- (3)
- It was observed that all three splints tested could be used in patients with bruxism, but hard and semi-soft splints were more beneficial in terms of joint vibrations.
- (4)
- These results support the clinical consideration of semi-soft splints as a potentially superior alternative for patients with early-stage bruxism, offering a balance between flexibility and support to preserve joint health.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Okeson, J.P. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, 7th ed.; Elsevier Mosby Inc.: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2008; Chapters 7 and 8. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Yang, Y.; Lin, L.; Yao, Q.; Zhang, J. Obesity and temporomandibular joint disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2023, 23, 607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stechman-Neto, J.; Porporatti, A.L.; Porto de Toledo, I.; Costa, Y.M.; Conti, P.C.; De Luca Canto, G.; Mezzomo, L.A. Effect of temporomandibular disorder therapy on otologic signs and symptoms: A systematic review. J. Oral Rehabil. 2016, 43, 468–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Güler, N.; Yatmaz, P.; Ataoglu, H.; Emlik, D.; Uckan, S. Temporomandibular internal derangement: Correlation of MRI findings with clinical symptoms of pain and joint sounds in patients with bruxing behaviour. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol. 2003, 32, 304–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taşkaya-Yılmaz, N.; Oğütcen-Toller, M. Clinical correlation of MRI findings of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joints. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002, 40, 317–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, S.; Crow, H.C.; McCall, W.D., Jr.; Gonzalez, Y.M. Systematic review of reliability and diagnostic validity of joint vibration analysis for diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders. J. Orofac. Pain 2013, 27, 51–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shetty, R. Prevalence of signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in asymptomatic edentulous subjects: A cross-sectional study. J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc. 2010, 10, 96–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sano, T.; Widmalm, S.E.; Westesson, P.L.; Takahashi, K.; Yoshida, H.; Michi, K.; Okano, T. Amplitude and frequency spectrum of temporomandibular joint sounds from subjects with and without other signs/symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. J. Oral Rehabil. 1999, 26, 145–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Lin, X.; Wang, Y. Temporomandibular joint vibration in bruxers. Cranio 2009, 27, 167–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tallents, R.H.; Hatala, M.; Katzberg, R.W.; Westesson, P.L. Temporomandibular joint sounds in asymptomatic volunteers. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1993, 69, 298–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goiato, M.C.; Garcia, A.R.; dos Santos, D.M.; Pesqueira, A.A. TMJ vibrations in asymptomatic patients using old and new complete dentures. J. Prosthodont. 2010, 19, 438–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sateia, M.J. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: Highlights and modifications. Chest 2014, 146, 1387–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pettengill, C.A.; Growney MRJr Schoff, R.; Kenworthy, C.R. A pilot study comparing the efficacy of hard and soft stabilizing appliances in treating patients with temporomandibular disorders. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1998, 79, 165–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, I.T.; Jung, D.U.; Lee, J.H.; Kang, D.W. Evaluation of TMJ sound on the subject with TMJ disorder by Joint Vibration Analysis. J. Adv. Prosthodont. 2009, 1, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ishigaki, S.; Bessette, R.W.; Maruyama, T. Vibration of the temporomandibular joints with normal radiographic imagings: Comparison between asymptomatic volunteers and symptomatic patients. Cranio 1993, 11, 88–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dawson, P.E. Functıonal Occlusıon from Tmj to Smıle Desıgn; Mosby: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2007; pp. 333–345. [Google Scholar]
- Santos, J.D. Occlusıon Principles & Treatment; Chapter 4; Quintessence: Chicago, IL, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Wood, I.; Jawad, Z.; Paisley, C.; Brunton, P. Non-carious cervical tooth surface loss: A literature review. J. Dent. 2008, 36, 759–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, P.K.; Alvi, H.A.; Singh, B.P.; Singh, R.D.; Kant, S.; Jurel, S.; Singh, K.; Arya, D.; Dubey, A. Evaluation of various treatment modalities in sleep bruxism. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2015, 114, 426–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dubé, C.; Rompré, P.H.; Manzini, C.; Guitard, F.; de Grandmont, P.; Lavigne, G.J. Quantitative polygraphic controlled study on efficacy and safety of oral splint devices in tooth-grinding subjects. J. Dent. Res. 2004, 83, 398–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karakis, D.; Dogan, A.; Bek, B. Evaluation of the effect of two different occlusal splints on maximum occlusal force in patients with sleep bruxism: A pilot study. J. Adv. Prosthodont. 2014, 6, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klasser, G.D.; Greene, C.S.; Lavigne, G.J. Oral appliances and the management of sleep bruxism in adults: A century of clinical applications and search for mechanisms. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2010, 23, 453–462. [Google Scholar]
- Manns, A.; Chan, C.; Miralles, R. Influence of the vertical dimension on masseter muscle activity. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1983, 50, 700–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nissan, J.; Marilena, V.; Gorsky, M.; Zadik, Y. Influence of soft occlusal splints on electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in myofascial pain dysfunction patients. J. Oral Rehabil. 2004, 31, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Akat, B.; Görür, S.A.; Bayrak, A.; Eren, H.; Eres, N.; Erkcan, Y.; Kılıçarslan, M.A.; Orhan, K. Ultrasonographic and electromyographic evaluation of three types of occlusal splints on masticatory muscle activity, thickness, and length in patients with bruxism. Cranio 2020, 41, 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zieliński, G.; Wójcicki, M.; Baszczowski, M.; Żyśko, A.; Litko-Rola, M.; Szkutnik, J.; Różyło-Kalinowska, I.; Ginszt, M. Influence of soft stabilization splint on electromyographic patterns in masticatory and neck muscles in healthy women. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al-Moraissi, E.A.; Farea, R.; Qasem, K.A.; Al-Wadeai, M.S.; Al-Sabahi, M.E.; Al-Iryani, G.M. Effectiveness of occlusal splint therapy in the management of temporomandibular disorders: Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2020, 49, 1042–1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Whittle, T.; Wang, L.; Murray, G.M. The reproducibility of temporomandibular joint vibrations over time in the human. J. Oral Rehabil. 2014, 41, 206–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Waked, J.; Aguiar, C.; Aroucha, J.; Godoy, G.; Melo, R.; Júnior, A. Predictive model for temporomandibular disorder in adolescents: Decision tree. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2023, 34, 394–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Turcio, K.H.; Garcia, A.R.; Zuim, P.R.; Goiato, M.C.; dos Santos, D.M.; Sundefeld, M.L. Temporomandibular joint vibration before and after exercises and occlusal splints. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2011, 22, e14–e16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conti, P.C.; Corrêa, A.S.; Lauris, J.R.; Stuginski-Barbosa, J. Management of painful temporomandibular joint clicking with different intraoral devices and counseling: A controlled study. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2015, 23, 529–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christensen, L.V.; Orloff, J. Reproducibility of temporomandibular joint vibrations (electrovibratography). J. Oral Rehabil. 1992, 19, 253–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazzeto, M.O.; Hotta, T.H.; Mazzetto, R.G. Analysis of TMJ vibration sounds before and after use of two types of occlusal splints. Braz. Dent. J. 2009, 20, 325–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sleep Bruxism Diagnostic Criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders |
---|
A. The patient has a complaint of grinding/clenching during sleep. |
B. One or more of the following occurs: |
|
|
|
C. No other medical or mental disorders that affect masticatory muscles activity. |
Variables | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Median | Minimum | Maximum | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tİ opening left | Soft | 16 | 5.06 | 2.07 | 4.55 | 2.60 | 10.00 | 0.141 |
Hard | 17 | 6.85 | 4.49 | 5.50 | 3.20 | 21.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 6.97 | 4.27 | 5.15 | 3.20 | 16.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.59 | 1.01 | 4.40 | 3.10 | 6.70 | ||
Tİ opening right | Soft | 16 | 5.53 | 1.66 | 5.50 | 3.50 | 10.70 | 0.179 |
Hard | 17 | 6.82 | 3.25 | 6.20 | 3.40 | 15.90 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 6.78 | 3.59 | 5.45 | 4.10 | 16.10 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.81 | 0.80 | 4.90 | 3.10 | 5.90 | ||
Tİ closing left | Soft | 16 | 5.10 | 1.82 | 4.70 | 2.60 | 8.70 | 0.535 |
Hard | 17 | 5.71 | 3.18 | 5.10 | 2.70 | 15.40 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 4.94 | 1.67 | 4.45 | 3.30 | 8.40 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.38 | 0.91 | 4.20 | 3.20 | 6.80 | ||
Tİ closing right | Soft | 16 | 5.46 | 1.34 | 5.35 | 3.30 | 8.10 | 0.470 |
Hard | 17 | 5.48 | 2.02 | 4.90 | 3.40 | 10.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 4.98 | 1.06 | 4.80 | 3.80 | 7.40 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.73 | 0.80 | 5.00 | 3.20 | 6.00 | ||
I < 300 opening left | Soft | 16 | 3.61 | 2.03 | 3.00 | 1.80 | 8.70 | 0.175 |
Hard | 17 | 4.94 | 3.52 | 3.80 | 1.80 | 15.50 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 5.26 | 3.74 | 3.75 | 1.90 | 13.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 3.13 | 0.72 | 3.10 | 1.70 | 4.70 | ||
I < 300 opening right | Soft | 16 | 3.79 | 1.68 | 3.50 | 2.10 | 9.20 | 0.137 |
Hard | 17 | 5.02 | 2.94 | 4.30 | 2.30 | 13.90 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 4.84 | 2.87 | 3.75 | 2.40 | 12.30 | ||
Control | 15 | 3.20 | 0.83 | 3.20 | 1.50 | 4.80 | ||
I < 300 closing left | Soft | 16 | 3.62 | 1.77 | 3.15 | 1.60 | 7.20 | 0.854 |
Hard | 17 | 4.09 | 2.53 | 3.40 | 1.70 | 10.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 3.56 | 1.66 | 3.15 | 1.80 | 7.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 3.02 | 0.83 | 3.10 | 1.70 | 4.80 | ||
I < 300 closing right | Soft | 16 | 3.66 | 1.36 | 3.30 | 1.90 | 6.40 | 0.717 |
Hard | 17 | 3.84 | 1.63 | 3.10 | 2.20 | 8.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 3.34 | 1.27 | 3.10 | 2.00 | 6.40 | ||
Control | 15 | 3.17 | 0.90 | 3.00 | 1.50 | 4.50 | ||
I > 300 opening left | Soft | 16 | 1.44 | 0.38 | 1.45 | 0.80 | 2.00 | 0.433 |
Hard | 17 | 1.90 | 1.22 | 1.60 | 0.90 | 6.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.71 | 0.57 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 3.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.44 | 0.51 | 1.40 | 0.70 | 2.20 | ||
I > 300 opening right | Soft | 16 | 1.74 | 0.46 | 1.55 | 1.00 | 2.60 | 0.813 |
Hard | 17 | 1.79 | 0.69 | 1.80 | 1.00 | 4.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.95 | 1.01 | 1.70 | 1.10 | 5.40 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.61 | 0.59 | 1.60 | 0.70 | 2.50 | ||
I > 300 closing left | Soft | 16 | 1.48 | 0.34 | 1.45 | 0.90 | 2.00 | 0.795 |
Hard | 17 | 1.61 | 0.90 | 1.40 | 0.90 | 4.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.39 | 0.33 | 1.40 | 0.80 | 2.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.35 | 0.47 | 1.40 | 0.70 | 2.10 | ||
I > 300 closing right | Soft | 16 | 1.80 | 0.43 | 1.75 | 1.10 | 2.60 | 0.376 |
Hard | 17 | 1.62 | 0.73 | 1.50 | 0.90 | 4.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.61 | 0.44 | 1.70 | 0.90 | 2.50 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.59 | 0.59 | 1.50 | 0.70 | 2.70 | ||
Ratio opening left | Soft | 16 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 1.05 | 0.789 |
Hard | 17 | 0.45 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.87 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.41 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.67 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.84 | ||
Ratio opening right | Soft | 16 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 1.21 | 0.429 |
Hard | 17 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.14 | 0.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.45 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.99 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 1.08 | ||
Ratio closing left | Soft | 16 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 1.21 | 0.969 |
Hard | 17 | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.93 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.88 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.87 | ||
Ratio closing right | Soft | 16 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 1.34 | 0.732 |
Hard | 17 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.77 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.55 | 0.28 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 1.07 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.59 | 0.17 | 1.14 | ||
PA opening left | Soft | 16 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.200 |
Hard | 17 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 1.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 1.10 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | ||
PA opening right | Soft | 16 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.130 |
Hard | 17 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 1.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | ||
PA closing left | Soft | 16 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.907 |
Hard | 17 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||
PA closing right | Soft | 16 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.529 |
Hard | 17 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.50 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.80 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||
PF opening left | Soft | 16 | 129.44 | 123.92 | 78.00 | 25.00 | 447.00 | 1.000 |
Hard | 17 | 122.41 | 112.82 | 72.00 | 29.00 | 357.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 121.38 | 143.02 | 77.50 | 25.00 | 498.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 95.73 | 76.70 | 72.00 | 41.00 | 326.00 | ||
PF opening right | Soft | 16 | 143.81 | 108.66 | 97.00 | 33.00 | 396.00 | 0.297 |
Hard | 17 | 108.29 | 103.40 | 60.00 | 33.00 | 357.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 117.75 | 124.99 | 76.00 | 37.00 | 498.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 97.27 | 102.24 | 64.00 | 29.00 | 423.00 | ||
PF closing left | Soft | 16 | 85.75 | 105.53 | 42.50 | 25.00 | 384.00 | 0.489 |
Hard | 17 | 101.18 | 115.48 | 56.00 | 29.00 | 439.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 150.06 | 179.24 | 58.00 | 17.00 | 482.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 99.73 | 129.70 | 52.00 | 33.00 | 490.00 | ||
PF closing right | Soft | 16 | 107.94 | 119.60 | 48.00 | 29.00 | 439.00 | 0.869 |
Hard | 17 | 78.06 | 80.09 | 44.00 | 25.00 | 330.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 165.63 | 194.18 | 42.50 | 17.00 | 482.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 98.00 | 130.72 | 52.00 | 33.00 | 494.00 | ||
MF opening left | Soft | 16 | 196.19 | 60.34 | 191.00 | 91.00 | 306.00 | 0.912 |
Hard | 17 | 196.41 | 55.04 | 193.00 | 68.00 | 283.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 186.50 | 39.09 | 187.00 | 123.00 | 244.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 195.53 | 41.52 | 185.00 | 123.00 | 267.00 | ||
MF opening right | Soft | 16 | 213.44 | 56.70 | 220.00 | 115.00 | 322.00 | 0.385 |
Hard | 17 | 190.59 | 48.93 | 189.00 | 107.00 | 255.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 193.63 | 44.54 | 185.00 | 130.00 | 298.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 218.27 | 59.28 | 216.00 | 119.00 | 314.00 | ||
MF closing left | Soft | 16 | 193.25 | 67.21 | 192.50 | 91.00 | 318.00 | 0.915 |
Hard | 17 | 188.47 | 63.09 | 173.00 | 115.00 | 287.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 186.88 | 63.15 | 191.00 | 95.00 | 275.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 195.93 | 59.05 | 169.00 | 119.00 | 279.00 | ||
MF closing right | Soft | 16 | 212.19 | 64.57 | 210.50 | 83.00 | 330.00 | 0.691 |
Hard | 17 | 193.29 | 40.39 | 181.00 | 134.00 | 267.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 203.31 | 66.46 | 202.50 | 91.00 | 306.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 217.27 | 63.93 | 224.00 | 123.00 | 318.00 |
Variables | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Median | Minimum | Maximum | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tİ opening left | Soft | 16 | 6.08 | 3.28 | 4.90 | 3.40 | 15.90 | 0.139 |
Hard | 17 | 6.29 | 4.14 | 4.30 | 3.00 | 15.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 5.01 | 2.43 | 4.10 | 3.30 | 12.90 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.25 | 1.12 | 3.80 | 3.00 | 7.20 | ||
Tİ opening right | Soft | 16 | 5.56 | 1.26 | 5.40 | 3.90 | 8.10 | 0.008 |
Hard | 17 | 6.28 | 2.97 | 5.30 | 3.80 | 16.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 5.74 | 2.59 | 4.90 | 3.50 | 12.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.27 | 0.54 | 4.10 | 3.30 | 5.30 | ||
Tİ closing left | Soft | 16 | 4.96 | 1.47 | 4.80 | 2.90 | 8.40 | 0.094 |
Hard | 17 | 4.85 | 2.58 | 4.20 | 2.70 | 13.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 3.96 | 0.68 | 4.05 | 2.90 | 5.40 | ||
Control | 15 | 3.87 | 0.52 | 3.80 | 3.20 | 4.70 | ||
Tİ closing right | Soft | 16 | 5.23 | 1.48 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 9.20 | 0.253 |
Hard | 17 | 4.69 | 1.01 | 4.70 | 3.20 | 7.50 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 4.46 | 0.80 | 4.40 | 3.10 | 5.80 | ||
Control | 15 | 4.31 | 0.59 | 4.20 | 3.50 | 5.40 | ||
I < 300 opening left | Soft | 16 | 4.62 | 3.24 | 3.55 | 2.20 | 14.50 | 0.106 |
Hard | 17 | 4.91 | 3.86 | 3.30 | 1.70 | 13.30 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 3.48 | 2.07 | 2.80 | 1.90 | 9.90 | ||
Control | 15 | 2.91 | 1.10 | 2.80 | 1.80 | 5.60 | ||
I < 300 opening right | Soft | 16 | 3.93 | 1.22 | 4.00 | 2.20 | 6.60 | 0.006 |
Hard | 17 | 4.65 | 2.65 | 3.90 | 2.30 | 13.40 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 3.96 | 2.38 | 2.90 | 1.80 | 10.80 | ||
Control | 15 | 2.75 | 0.65 | 2.60 | 1.60 | 4.00 | ||
I < 300 closing left | Soft | 16 | 3.58 | 1.39 | 3.45 | 1.90 | 7.10 | 0.023 |
Hard | 17 | 3.49 | 2.33 | 2.90 | 1.40 | 11.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 2.55 | 0.68 | 2.45 | 1.60 | 3.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 2.51 | 0.35 | 2.50 | 1.90 | 3.00 | ||
I < 300 closing right | Soft | 16 | 3.64 | 1.36 | 3.50 | 2.00 | 7.50 | 0.117 |
Hard | 17 | 3.25 | 1.07 | 3.20 | 1.70 | 6.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 2.81 | 0.81 | 2.60 | 1.60 | 4.60 | ||
Control | 15 | 2.82 | 0.52 | 2.80 | 1.90 | 3.70 | ||
I > 300 opening left | Soft | 16 | 1.48 | 0.34 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 2.30 | 0.648 |
Hard | 17 | 1.37 | 0.39 | 1.40 | 0.80 | 2.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.54 | 0.51 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 3.10 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.34 | 0.26 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 1.70 | ||
I > 300 opening right | Soft | 16 | 1.63 | 0.31 | 1.70 | 1.00 | 2.20 | 0.360 |
Hard | 17 | 1.61 | 0.48 | 1.60 | 0.80 | 2.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.78 | 0.48 | 1.75 | 1.00 | 2.70 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.52 | 0.29 | 1.50 | 0.90 | 1.90 | ||
I > 300 closing left | Soft | 16 | 1.31 | 0.30 | 1.25 | 0.90 | 1.90 | 0.725 |
Hard | 17 | 1.34 | 0.40 | 1.30 | 0.70 | 2.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.42 | 0.31 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 2.20 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.36 | 0.31 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 2.00 | ||
I > 300 closing right | Soft | 16 | 1.56 | 0.33 | 1.50 | 1.10 | 2.20 | 0.496 |
Hard | 17 | 1.43 | 0.34 | 1.50 | 0.80 | 2.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 1.64 | 0.45 | 1.60 | 1.00 | 2.80 | ||
Control | 15 | 1.58 | 0.46 | 1.60 | 0.90 | 2.80 | ||
Ratio opening left | Soft | 16 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.203 |
Hard | 17 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.84 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.84 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.87 | ||
Ratio opening right | Soft | 16 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.83 | 0.062 |
Hard | 17 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.71 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.94 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.27 | 1.04 | ||
Ratio closing left | Soft | 16 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.88 | 0.008 |
Hard | 17 | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.97 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.60 | 0.23 | 0.53 | 0.30 | 1.01 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.55 | 0.12 | 0.60 | 0.36 | 0.71 | ||
Ratio closing right | Soft | 16 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.99 | 0.173 |
Hard | 17 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.91 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.64 | 0.27 | 0.64 | 0.26 | 1.35 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.56 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.86 | ||
PA opening left | Soft | 16 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 2.00 | 0.182 |
Hard | 17 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 1.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.50 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||
PA opening right | Soft | 16 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 0.060 |
Hard | 17 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.80 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.90 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | ||
PA closing left | Soft | 16 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 1.10 | 0.036 |
Hard | 17 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 1.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | ||
PA closing right | Soft | 16 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 1.10 | 0.026 |
Hard | 17 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.50 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | ||
Control | 15 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | ||
PF opening left | Soft | 16 | 73.63 | 48.64 | 60.00 | 33.00 | 208.00 | 0.892 |
Hard | 17 | 73.82 | 58.47 | 68.00 | 13.00 | 259.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 117.00 | 140.77 | 54.00 | 29.00 | 455.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 97.40 | 132.49 | 52.00 | 25.00 | 435.00 | ||
PF opening right | Soft | 16 | 94.06 | 80.79 | 74.00 | 33.00 | 380.00 | 0.727 |
Hard | 17 | 86.71 | 67.78 | 60.00 | 21.00 | 259.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 130.44 | 131.13 | 60.00 | 37.00 | 447.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 105.93 | 132.83 | 56.00 | 29.00 | 451.00 | ||
PF closing left | Soft | 16 | 70.56 | 66.07 | 44.00 | 21.00 | 244.00 | 0.048 |
Hard | 17 | 80.65 | 86.20 | 52.00 | 25.00 | 376.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 132.56 | 130.34 | 66.00 | 25.00 | 408.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 46.47 | 15.63 | 48.00 | 25.00 | 87.00 | ||
PF closing right | Soft | 16 | 104.69 | 116.59 | 50.00 | 25.00 | 435.00 | 0.396 |
Hard | 17 | 112.47 | 136.57 | 56.00 | 29.00 | 478.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 156.19 | 158.38 | 77.50 | 17.00 | 494.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 53.20 | 22.26 | 52.00 | 25.00 | 103.00 | ||
MF opening left | Soft | 16 | 181.38 | 50.47 | 183.00 | 80.00 | 263.00 | 0.395 |
Hard | 17 | 178.88 | 51.89 | 166.00 | 111.00 | 271.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 203.25 | 40.56 | 187.00 | 142.00 | 279.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 199.60 | 58.16 | 208.00 | 126.00 | 279.00 | ||
MF opening right | Soft | 16 | 197.81 | 45.13 | 197.00 | 91.00 | 279.00 | 0.280 |
Hard | 17 | 186.94 | 45.66 | 177.00 | 103.00 | 240.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 217.13 | 49.04 | 220.00 | 123.00 | 291.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 217.47 | 52.79 | 232.00 | 138.00 | 310.00 | ||
MF closing left | Soft | 16 | 169.50 | 48.80 | 171.00 | 72.00 | 287.00 | 0.008 |
Hard | 17 | 180.59 | 49.62 | 173.00 | 103.00 | 298.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 220.63 | 53.69 | 212.00 | 130.00 | 302.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 214.00 | 36.19 | 232.00 | 142.00 | 259.00 | ||
MF closing right | Soft | 16 | 191.31 | 50.47 | 185.00 | 72.00 | 298.00 | 0.148 |
Hard | 17 | 203.94 | 52.18 | 220.00 | 107.00 | 291.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | 230.50 | 51.22 | 230.00 | 138.00 | 326.00 | ||
Control | 15 | 219.40 | 37.18 | 224.00 | 142.00 | 271.00 |
Multiple Comparisons | p-Value |
---|---|
I < 300 opening right | |
Soft–control | p < 0.001 |
Hard–control | p < 0.001 |
Variables | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Median | Min | Max | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tİ opening left | Soft | 16 | +1.03 | 1.97 | +0.50 | −0.60 | +5.90 | 0.004 |
Hard | 17 | −0.56 | 4.24 | −0.60 | −8.10 | +11.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −1.96 | 2.76 | −1.45 | −8.30 | +1.70 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.33 | 0.94 | +0.10 | −2.80 | +0.60 | ||
Tİ opening right | Soft | 16 | +0.03 | 1.71 | +0.10 | −4.20 | +3.70 | 0.179 |
Hard | 17 | −0.54 | 3.24 | +0.40 | −9.20 | +4.80 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −1.03 | 2.43 | −0.90 | −7.90 | +3.40 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.54 | 0.66 | −0.60 | −1.80 | +1.10 | ||
Tİ closing left | Soft | 16 | −0.14 | 1.52 | −0.10 | −3.00 | +2.60 | 0.432 |
Hard | 17 | −0.86 | 2.30 | −0.70 | −7.10 | +2.80 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.98 | 1.55 | −0.75 | −4.10 | +1.20 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.51 | 0.96 | −0.60 | −2.20 | +1.40 | ||
Tİ closing right | Soft | 16 | −0.24 | 0.95 | +0,05 | −2.20 | +1.10 | 0.925 |
Hard | 17 | −0.78 | 1.75 | 0.00 | −5.10 | +1.30 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.53 | 1.18 | −0.75 | −2.90 | +1.50 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.41 | 0.92 | −0.20 | −1.80 | +1.00 | ||
I < 300 opening left | Soft | 16 | +1.01 | 1.88 | +0.50 | −0.60 | +5.80 | 0.004 |
Hard | 17 | −0.03 | 3.81 | −0.70 | −8.40 | +10.70 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −1.78 | 2.45 | −1.35 | −7.30 | +1.90 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.22 | 0.81 | −0.40 | −1.50 | +1.00 | ||
I < 300 opening right | Soft | 16 | +0.14 | 1.87 | +0.15 | −4.90 | +3.50 | 0.160 |
Hard | 17 | −0.37 | 2.90 | +0.10 | −8.60 | +4.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.88 | 1.83 | −0.85 | −4.90 | +2.90 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.45 | 0.66 | −0.30 | −1.60 | +0.80 | ||
I < 300 closing left | Soft | 16 | −0.04 | 1.39 | +0.10 | −2.60 | +2.60 | 0.341 |
Hard | 17 | −0.60 | 1.77 | −0.50 | −4.30 | +2.30 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −1.01 | 1.41 | −1.05 | −3.50 | +0.80 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.51 | 0.80 | −0.50 | −1.90 | +0.90 | ||
I < 300 closing right | Soft | 16 | −0.01 | 1.02 | +0.05 | −1.70 | +1.50 | 0.680 |
Hard | 17 | −0.59 | 1.39 | −0.10 | −3.80 | +1.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.53 | 1.27 | −0.55 | −3.40 | +1.00 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.35 | 0.95 | −0.20 | −2.30 | +1.00 | ||
I > 300 opening left | Soft | 16 | +0.04 | 0.42 | 0.00 | −1.00 | +0.60 | 0.279 |
Hard | 17 | −0.53 | 1.07 | −0.10 | −4.10 | +0.40 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.18 | 0.46 | −0.25 | −1.10 | +0.50 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.10 | 0.59 | −0.10 | −1.30 | +0.80 | ||
I > 300 opening right | Soft | 16 | −0.11 | 0.58 | −0.05 | −1.50 | +0.70 | 0.992 |
Hard | 17 | −0.18 | 0.65 | 0.00 | −2.40 | +0.30 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.17 | 0.90 | −0.15 | −3.00 | +1.10 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.09 | 0.67 | +0.10 | −1.00 | +1.20 | ||
I > 300 closing left | Soft | 16 | −0.17 | 0.49 | −0.20 | −1.10 | +0.80 | 0.519 |
Hard | 17 | −0.27 | 0.77 | 0.00 | −2.70 | +0.60 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +0.03 | 0.40 | −0.15 | −0.50 | +0.70 | ||
Control | 15 | +0.01 | 0.57 | +0.10 | −0.90 | +1.10 | ||
I > 300 closing right | Soft | 16 | −0.24 | 0.57 | −0.15 | −1.30 | +0.60 | 0.748 |
Hard | 17 | −0.19 | 0.72 | 0.00 | −2.40 | +0.80 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +0.03 | 0.54 | −0.10 | −0.80 | +1.20 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.01 | 0.78 | −0.10 | −1.10 | +1.40 | ||
Ratio opening left | Soft | 16 | −0.08 | 0.23 | −0.04 | −0.58 | +0.29 | 0.121 |
Hard | 17 | −0.05 | 0.27 | −0.15 | −0.46 | +0.73 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +0.09 | 0.23 | +0.08 | −0.38 | +0.49 | ||
Control | 15 | +0.04 | 0.25 | +0.06 | −0.40 | +0.38 | ||
Ratio opening right | Soft | 16 | −0.07 | 0.30 | 0.00 | −0.68 | +0.35 | 0.578 |
Hard | 17 | −0.02 | 0.14 | −0.05 | −0.28 | +0.20 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +0.08 | 0.27 | +0.03 | −0.49 | +0.61 | ||
Control | 15 | +0.03 | 0.32 | +0.04 | −0.42 | +0.76 | ||
Ratio closing left | Soft | 16 | −0.10 | 0.27 | −0.06 | −0.78 | +0.38 | 0.096 |
Hard | 17 | −0.01 | 0.26 | −0.03 | −0.47 | +0.75 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +0.13 | 0.27 | +0.15 | −0.25 | +0.66 | ||
Control | 15 | +0.06 | 0.26 | +0.12 | −0.43 | +0.41 | ||
Ratio closing right | Soft | 16 | −0.09 | 0.31 | +0.02 | −0.77 | +0.37 | 0.719 |
Hard | 17 | +0.04 | 0.23 | −0.03 | −0.20 | +0.69 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +0.08 | 0.35 | +0.06 | −0.42 | +0.80 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.01 | 0.32 | −0.07 | −0.53 | +0.64 | ||
PA opening left | Soft | 16 | +0.12 | 0.27 | +0.10 | −0.20 | +1.00 | 0.007 |
Hard | 17 | −0.02 | 0.45 | 0.00 | −1.50 | +0.80 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.14 | 0.20 | −0.10 | −0.60 | +0.10 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | −0.10 | +0.10 | ||
PA opening right | Soft | 16 | +0.01 | 0.20 | 0.00 | −0.50 | +0.50 | 0.179 |
Hard | 17 | −0.04 | 0.26 | 0.00 | −0.70 | +0.30 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.09 | 0.15 | −0.10 | −0.40 | +0.20 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.10 | +0.10 | ||
PA closing left | Soft | 16 | +0.04 | 0.22 | 0.00 | −0.40 | +0.50 | 0.167 |
Hard | 17 | −0.05 | 0.21 | −0.10 | −0.30 | +0.50 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.11 | 0.18 | −0.10 | −0.50 | +0.10 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.20 | 0.00 | ||
PA closing right | Soft | 16 | +0.03 | 0.17 | 0.00 | −0.20 | +0.50 | 0.080 |
Hard | 17 | −0.06 | 0.14 | −0.10 | −0.30 | +0.10 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −0.13 | 0.16 | −0.10 | −0.60 | +0.10 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.05 | 0.10 | −0.10 | −0.20 | +0.10 | ||
PF opening left | Soft | 16 | −55.81 | 146.84 | 0.00 | −414.00 | +105.00 | 0.903 |
Hard | 17 | −48.59 | 131.68 | −15.00 | −324.00 | +230.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −4.38 | 176.41 | −8.00 | −414.00 | +387.00 | ||
Control | 15 | +1.67 | 114.85 | −16.00 | −191.00 | +363.00 | ||
PF opening right | Soft | 16 | −49.75 | 121.24 | −11.50 | −309.00 | +164.00 | 0.774 |
Hard | 17 | −21.59 | 114.66 | +4.00 | −316.00 | +199.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +12.69 | 165.78 | −5.50 | −301.00 | +379.00 | ||
Control | 15 | +8.67 | 103.58 | +8.00 | −191.00 | +321.00 | ||
PF closing left | Soft | 16 | −15.19 | 139.26 | +4.00 | −363.00 | +192.00 | 0.540 |
Hard | 17 | −20.53 | 154.88 | +4.00 | −383.00 | +316.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −17.50 | 185.71 | +2.00 | −410.00 | +328.00 | ||
Control | 15 | −53.27 | 122.58 | −11.00 | −403.00 | +19.00 | ||
PF closing right | Soft | 16 | −3.25 | 131.29 | +7.00 | −414.00 | +160.00 | 0.547 |
Hard | 17 | +34.41 | 162.41 | +16.00 | −278.00 | +379.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | −9.44 | 237.11 | +7.50 | −422.00 | +461.00 | ||
Control | 15 | −44.80 | 128.07 | 0.00 | −407.00 | +42.00 | ||
MF opening left | Soft | 16 | −14.81 | 57.53 | −21.00 | −105.00 | +90.00 | 0.239 |
Hard | 17 | −17.53 | 72.03 | −31.00 | −110.00 | +203.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +16.75 | 59.06 | +13.00 | −82.00 | +129.00 | ||
Control | 15 | +4.07 | 68.47 | +16.00 | −117.00 | +117.00 | ||
MF opening right | Soft | 16 | −15.63 | 73.23 | −23.00 | −125.00 | +109.00 | 0.346 |
Hard | 17 | −3.65 | 45.32 | −12.00 | −74.00 | +109.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +23.50 | 56.13 | +23,50 | −78.00 | +109.00 | ||
Control | 15 | −0.80 | 74.60 | −4.00 | −102.00 | +156.00 | ||
MF closing left | Soft | 16 | −23.75 | 71.03 | −31.00 | −133.00 | +82.00 | 0.169 |
Hard | 17 | −7.88 | 76.17 | +4.00 | −137.00 | +168.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +33.75 | 74.96 | +35.00 | −102.00 | +179.00 | ||
Control | 15 | +18.07 | 68.78 | +27.00 | −117.00 | +125.00 | ||
MF closing right | Soft | 16 | −20.88 | 66.59 | −6.00 | −129.00 | +94.00 | 0.379 |
Hard | 17 | +10.65 | 62.00 | −4.00 | −74.00 | +157.00 | ||
Durasoft | 16 | +27.19 | 74.19 | +27,50 | −82.00 | +168.00 | ||
Control | 15 | +2.13 | 72.59 | −15.00 | −137.00 | +137.00 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Akat, B.; Akören, A.C.; Tamam, E. Effects of Different Occlusal Splints on Joint Vibrations in Bruxers. Medicina 2025, 61, 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061083
Akat B, Akören AC, Tamam E. Effects of Different Occlusal Splints on Joint Vibrations in Bruxers. Medicina. 2025; 61(6):1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061083
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkat, Bora, Ayşe Cavidan Akören, and Evşen Tamam. 2025. "Effects of Different Occlusal Splints on Joint Vibrations in Bruxers" Medicina 61, no. 6: 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061083
APA StyleAkat, B., Akören, A. C., & Tamam, E. (2025). Effects of Different Occlusal Splints on Joint Vibrations in Bruxers. Medicina, 61(6), 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061083