Psychometric Validation of the Macedonian-Language Version of the Ultrashort Five-Item Oral Health Impact Profile in the North Macedonian Population (OHIP5-MAC)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Translations of the OHIP5 Questionnaire into the Macedonian Language
2.2. Participants and Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Reliability
2.3.2. Validity
2.3.3. Responsiveness
3. Results
3.1. Reliability
3.1.1. Internal Consistency
3.1.2. Test-Retest Reliability
3.2. Validity
3.2.1. Convergent Validity
3.2.2. Known-Group Validity
3.3. Responsiveness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Дaли cтe имaлe пoтeшкoтии пpи џвaкaњe зapaди пpoблeми co вaшитe зaби, ycтa, пpoтeзи или вилици? (Have you had difficulty chewing any foods because of problems with your teeth, mouth, dentures, or jaw?)
- Дaли cтe имaлe бoлки зapaди зaбитe или вo ycyaтa? (Have you had painful aching in your mouth?)
- Дaли cтe ce чyвcтвyвaлe нeпpиjaтнo зapaди изглeдoт нa вaшитe зaби, зaбни пpoтeзи или вилици? (Have you felt uncomfortable about the appearance of your teeth, mouth, dentures, or jaws?)
- Дaли cтe имaлe нaмaлeнo чyвcтвo зa вкyc зapaди пpoблeми co вaшитe зaби, ycтa, пpoтeзи или вилици? (Have you felt that there has been less flavor in your food because of problems with your teeth, mouth, dentures, or jaws?)
- Дaли cтe имaлe пoтeшкoтии вo извpшyвaњeтo нa ceкojднeвнитe paбoти зapaди пpoблeми co вaшитe зaби, ycтa, пpoтeзи или вилици? (Have you had difficulty doing your usual jobs because of problems with your teeth, mouth, dentures, or jaws?)
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Sample | n | (% of Women) | Mean Age ± SD | Age Range (Years) | Research Purpose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General population | 164 | 53% | 42.30 (17.71) | 18–76 | Internal consistency, Concurrent validity, Known-group validity |
Students | 48 | 64.6% | 23.56 (1.1) | 21–25 | Test-retest reliability |
Patients with treatment needs: | 39 | 59% | 54.89 (16.37) | 29–79 | Responsiveness (sensitivity to change) |
Endodontics | 12 | 66.7% | 40.1 (8.4) | 29–53 | |
Complete dentures | 15 | 46.7% | 69.3 (6.6) | 59–79 | |
Maxillary complete denture and mandibular implant-supported overdenture | 7 | 71.4% | 63.1 (8.23) | 45–69 | |
Lithium-disilicate crown/crowns in maxillary anterior region | 5 | 60.0% | 35.6 (8.4) | 29–50 |
OHIP5-MAC Item | Mean | Standard Deviation | Cronbach Alpha When Item Deleted |
---|---|---|---|
Difficulty chewing | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.66 |
Painful aching | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 0.84 | 1.07 | 0.70 |
Less flavor in food | 0.83 | 1.20 | 0.77 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.75 |
Item of the OHIP5-MAC | Difficulty Chewing | Painful Aching | Uncomfortable About Appearance | Less Flavor in Food | Difficulty Doing Usual Jobs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty chewing | * | 0.68 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.51 |
Painful aching | 0.68 | * | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.42 |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 0.59 | 0.46 | * | 0.37 | 0.30 |
Less flavor in food | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.37 | * | 0.27 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 0.51 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.27 | * |
OHIP5-MAC Dental Students (n = 48) | ICC | Mean Difference (Standard Deviation) | 95% Confidence Interval | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty chewing | 0.94 | −0.02 (0.14) | −0.06–0.21 | 0.32 N.S. |
Painful aching | 0.88 | 0.06 (0.24) | −0.01–0.13 | 0.08 N.S. |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 0.93 | 0.06 (0.24) | −0.01–0.13 | 0.08 N.S. |
Less flavor in food | 0.70 | −0.02 (0.14) | −0.06–0.21 | 0.32 N.S. |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | * | * | * | * |
Summary score | 0.96 | 0.02 (0.25) | −0.05–0.09 | 0.57 N.S. |
OHIP5-MAC | Removable Denture Wearers | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | Z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty chewing | no | 105 | 0.34 | 0.58 | −9.43 | <0.001 ** |
yes | 59 | 1.80 | 0.85 | |||
Painful aching | no | 105 | 0.38 | 0.49 | −4.41 | <0.001 ** |
yes | 59 | 0.97 | 0.87 | |||
Uncomfortable about appearance | no | 105 | 0.47 | 0.87 | −6.63 | <0.001 ** |
yes | 59 | 1.50 | 0.78 | |||
Less flavor in food | no | 105 | 0.26 | 0.98 | −10.23 | <0.001 ** |
yes | 59 | 1.86 | 0.77 | |||
Difficulty doing usual jobs | no | 105 | 0.05 | 0.29 | −4.70 | <0.001 ** |
yes | 59 | 0.32 | 0.64 | |||
OHIP5-MAC summary Score | no | 105 | 1.47 | 1.99 | −9.46 | <0.001 ** |
yes | 59 | 6.47 | 2.34 |
OHIP5-MAC All Patients (n = 39) | Pre-Treatment x ± SD | Post-Treatment x ± SD | Z | p | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty chewing | 2.01 ± 1.14 | 0.59 ± 0.64 | −4.93 | <0.001 ** | 1.24 |
Painful aching | 1.82 ± 1.26 | 0.33 ± 0.53 | −4.87 | <0.001 * | 0.93 |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 1.77 ± 1.22 | 0.26 ± 0.50 | −4.68 | <0.001 ** | 1.24 |
Less flavor in food | 0.82 ± 0.82 | 0.49 ± 0.60 | −3.36 | 0.001 ** | 0.40 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 1.82 ± 1.29 | 0.05 ± 0.22 | −4.92 | <0.001 ** | 1.37 |
Summary score | 8.23 ± 2.67 | 1.20 ± 1.34 | −5.46 | <0.001 ** | 2.63 |
OHIP5-MAC Endodontic Patients (n = 12) | Pre-Treatment x ± SD | Post-Treatment x ± SD | Z | p | Effect Size |
Difficulty chewing | 2.33 ± 0.65 | 0.47 ± 0.51 | −3.13 | 0.002 ** | 2.86 |
Painful aching | 3.17 ± 0.72 | 0.50 ± 0.52 | −3.13 | 0.002 ** | 3.71 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 2.25 ± 0.86 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | −3.11 | 0.002 ** | 2.62 |
Summary score | 8.83 ± 2.41 | 1.41 ± 1.08 | −3.07 | 0.002 ** | 3.07 |
OHIP5-MAC Patients: New Complete Dentures (n = 15) | Pre-Treatment x ± SD | Post-Treatment x ± SD | Z | p | Effect Size |
Difficulty chewing | 2.40 ± 1.05 | 1.33 ± 0.52 | −3.13 | 0.002 ** | 1.02 |
Painful aching | 1.40 ± 0.74 | 0.47 ± 0.64 | −3.12 | 0.002 ** | 1.26 |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 2.20 ± 1.15 | 0.07 ± 0.26 | −3.44 | 0.001 ** | 1.85 |
Less flavor in food | 1.40 ± 0.82 | 0.49 ± 0.60 | −2.12 | 0.034 * | 1.19 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 1.20 ± 1.57 | 0.13 ± 0.35 | −2.41 | 0.016 * | 0.68 |
Summary score | 8.60 ± 3.35 | 2.80 ± 1.15 | −3.42 | 0.001 ** | 1.73 |
OHIP5-MAC Patients: Maxillary Complete Dentures and Mandibular Implant-Supported Overdenture (n = 7) | Pre-Treatment x ± SD | Post-Treatment x ± SD | Z | p | Effect Size |
Difficulty chewing | 2.43 ± 1.13 | 0.14 ± 0.52 | −2.07 | 0.023 * | 2.03 |
Painful aching | 1.71 ± 0.95 | 0.0 | −2.26 | 0.024 * | 1.80 |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 1.29 ± 0.76 | 0.29 ± 0.49 | −2.12 | 0.034 * | 1.32 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 1.57 ± 0.79 | 0 | −2.41 | 0.016 * | 1.28 |
Summary score | 8.00 ± 1.23 | 1.00 ± 0.58 | −2.39 | 0.017 * | 5.69 |
OHIP5-MAC Patients: Lithium Disilicate Crowns or Veneers in Anterior Maxilla (n = 5) | Pre-Treatment x ± SD | Post-Treatment x ± SD | Z | p | Effect Size |
Uncomfortable about appearance | 3.20 ± 0.45 | 0.20 ± 0.45 | −2.24 | 0.025 * | 6.67 |
Difficulty doing usual jobs | 3.00 ± 0.71 | 0 | −2.06 | 0.039 * | 4.20 |
Summary score | 6.00 ± 1.41 | 0.2 ± 0.45 | −2.06 | 0.039 * | 4.11 |
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© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Elenčevski, S.; Čelebić, A.; Popovac, A.; Apostolska, S.; Nikolovska, J.; Stančić, I. Psychometric Validation of the Macedonian-Language Version of the Ultrashort Five-Item Oral Health Impact Profile in the North Macedonian Population (OHIP5-MAC). Medicina 2025, 61, 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040655
Elenčevski S, Čelebić A, Popovac A, Apostolska S, Nikolovska J, Stančić I. Psychometric Validation of the Macedonian-Language Version of the Ultrashort Five-Item Oral Health Impact Profile in the North Macedonian Population (OHIP5-MAC). Medicina. 2025; 61(4):655. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040655
Chicago/Turabian StyleElenčevski, Saša, Asja Čelebić, Aleksandra Popovac, Sonja Apostolska, Julijana Nikolovska, and Ivica Stančić. 2025. "Psychometric Validation of the Macedonian-Language Version of the Ultrashort Five-Item Oral Health Impact Profile in the North Macedonian Population (OHIP5-MAC)" Medicina 61, no. 4: 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040655
APA StyleElenčevski, S., Čelebić, A., Popovac, A., Apostolska, S., Nikolovska, J., & Stančić, I. (2025). Psychometric Validation of the Macedonian-Language Version of the Ultrashort Five-Item Oral Health Impact Profile in the North Macedonian Population (OHIP5-MAC). Medicina, 61(4), 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040655