Is There a Pathologic Running Motion Associated with Running-Related Injuries? A Methodological Study Using a Motion Analysis System Without Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Participants and the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. The Data Collection from Questionnaire
2.3. Running Motion Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data and Running Analysis Measurements
3.2. The Type of Foot Strike during Running
3.3. Relationship between Running Experience and RRI
3.4. Logistic Regression Analysis between Running Motion Analysis Items and RRI
3.5. ICC for Measured Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables (n = 155) | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Cohen D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (years) | 38.97 | 8.90 | 15 | 62 | 8.88 |
Weight (kg) | 66.57 | 10.37 | 41.0 | 98.0 | 10.32 |
Height (cm) | 174.04 | 44.55 | 150 | 717 | 44.56 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.77 | 2.26 | 17.1 | 29.6 | 2.26 |
Running distance (km/week) | 33.32 | 19.15 | 5 | 105 | 19.11 |
FHP (turtle neck, °) | 8.19 | 4.51 | −6 | 24 | 4.12 |
Trunk lean (°) | 6.19 | 2.68 | 0 | 15 | 2.66 |
Hip rotation RT (°) | 7.79 | 1.52 | 4 | 12 | 1.52 |
Hip rotation LT (°) | 5.41 | 1.50 | 2 | 11 | 1.50 |
Horizontal movement of COG RT (cm) | 1.69 | 1.70 | 0 | 7 | 1.69 |
Horizontal movement of COG LT (cm) | 2.46 | 1.70 | 0 | 9 | 1.68 |
Vertical movement of COG (cm) | 2.78 | 1.18 | 0 | 4 | 1.18 |
Pelvic rotation RT (°) | 5.84 | 2.59 | 0 | 14 | 2.58 |
Pelvic rotation LT (°) | 7.97 | 2.64 | 1 | 15 | 2.65 |
Hip hike RT (°) | 3.08 | 1.17 | 1 | 5 | 0.87 |
Hip hike LT (°) | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0 | 2 | 0.53 |
Difference of hip rotation (°) | 2.37 | 1.41 | −1 | 6 | 1.41 |
Difference of horizontal movement of COG (cm) | −0.77 | 3.09 | −9 | 7 | 3.06 |
Difference of pelvic rotation (°) | −2.12 | 2.98 | −8 | 7 | 2.96 |
Difference of hip hike (cm) | 2.34 | 1.52 | −1 | 5 | 1.13 |
Variables (n = 155) | Normal (n = 50) | RRI (n = 105) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (n, Male/Female) | 33:17 | 77:45 | N/A | 0.347 * |
Mean age (years) | 40.18 ± 9.56 | 38.39 ± 8.55 | 1.17 | 0.243 |
Weight (kg) | 64.65 ± 9.90 | 67.49 ± 10.50 | −1.60 | 0.111 |
Height (cm) | 169.12 ± 8.10 | 176.38 ± 53.76 | −0.95 | 0.344 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.51 ± 2.12 | 22.90 ± 2.32 | −0.98 | 0.327 |
Running distance (km/week) | 36.16 ± 20.93 | 31.97 ± 18.19 | 1.28 | 0.204 |
FHP (turtle neck, °) | 5.50 ± 2.96 | 9.47 ± 4.56 | −6.49 | <0.001 |
Trunk lean (°) | 5.58 ± 2.16 | 6.48 ± 2.86 | −1.96 | 0.051 |
Hip rotation RT (°) | 7.88 ± 1.44 | 7.74 ± 1.56 | 0.53 | 0.600 |
Hip rotation LT (°) | 5.54 ± 1.54 | 5.35 ± 1.48 | 0.73 | 0.468 |
Horizontal movement of COG RT (cm) | 1.38 ± 1.67 | 1.84 ± 1.70 | −1.58 | 0.116 |
Horizontal movement of COG LT (cm) | 2.88 ± 1.93 | 2.27 ± 1.55 | 2.13 | 0.035 |
Vertical movement of COG (cm) | 2.78 ± 1.09 | 2.78 ± 1.23 | −0.01 | 0.996 |
Pelvic rotation RT (°) | 6.24 ± 2.72 | 5.65 ± 2.52 | 1.34 | 0.184 |
Pelvic rotation LT (°) | 7.78 ± 3.01 | 8.06 ± 2.46 | −0.61 | 0.544 |
Hip hike RT (°) | 1.96 ± 0.57 | 3.61 ± 0.99 | −13.15 | <0.001 |
Hip hike LT (°) | 1.10 ± 0.54 | 0.57 ± 0.52 | 5.75 | <0.001 |
Difference of hip rotation (°) | 2.34 ± 1.47 | 2.39 ± 1.39 | −0.21 | 0.836 |
Difference of horizontal movement of COG (cm) | −1.50 ± 3.14 | −0.43 ± 3.03 | −2.04 | 0.043 |
Difference of pelvic rotation (°) | −1.54 ± 3.27 | −2.41 ± 2.81 | 1.71 | 0.090 |
Difference of hip hike (°) | 0.86 ± 0.64 | 3.04 ± 1.29 | −14.03 | <0.001 |
Variables | Type of Strike | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Rearfoot | Midfoot + Forefoot | ||
Normal (n = 50) | 31 (62.0%) | 19 (38.0%) | 0.351 |
RRI (n = 105) | 73 (69.5%) | 32 (30.5%) | |
Total (n = 155) | 104 (67.1%) | 51 (32.9%) |
Variables | Elite + Pro | Beginner | Recreational | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 50) | 3 (6.0%) | 10 (20.0%) | 37 (74.0%) | 0.033 * |
RRI (n = 105) | 1 (1.0%) | 37 (35.2%) | 67 (63.8%) | |
Total (n = 155) | 4 | 47 (30.3%) | 104 (67.1%) |
Independent Variables | B | SE | p | Exp (B) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FHP (turtle neck, °) | 0.42 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 1.22–1.89 |
Trunk lean (°) | −0.07 | 0.17 | 0.703 | 0.94 | 0.67–1.31 |
Difference of hip rotation (°) | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.604 | 1.16 | 0.67–1.99 |
Difference of horizontal movement of COG (cm) | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.805 | 1.03 | 0.81–1.32 |
Vertical movement of COG (cm) | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.778 | 1.09 | 0.60–1.97 |
Difference of pelvic rotation (°) | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.707 | 0.96 | 0.76–1.21 |
Difference of hip hike (°) | 2.84 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 17.17 | 5.40–54.62 |
Variables (n = 15) | ICC | p | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|
FHP (turtle neck, °) | 0.73 | 0.009 | Acceptable reliability |
Trunk lean (°) | 0.70 | 0.016 | Acceptable reliability |
Hip rotation RT (°) | 0.89 | <0.001 | Good reliability |
Hip rotation LT (°) | 0.93 | <0.001 | Excellent reliability |
Horizontal movement of COG RT (cm) | 0.63 | 0.038 | Questionable reliability |
Horizontal movement of COG LT (cm) | 0.64 | 0.035 | Questionable reliability |
Vertical movement of COG (cm) | 0.70 | 0.016 | Acceptable reliability |
Pelvic rotation RT (°) | 0.94 | <0.001 | Excellent reliability |
Pelvic rotation LT (°) | 0.81 | 0.002 | Good reliability |
Hip hike RT (°) | 0.87 | <0.001 | Good reliability |
Hip hike LT (°) | 0.88 | <0.001 | Good reliability |
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Nam, H.W.; Yang, J.H.; Park, S.G.; Rhim, H.C.; Kim, H.J. Is There a Pathologic Running Motion Associated with Running-Related Injuries? A Methodological Study Using a Motion Analysis System Without Sensors. Medicina 2024, 60, 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081249
Nam HW, Yang JH, Park SG, Rhim HC, Kim HJ. Is There a Pathologic Running Motion Associated with Running-Related Injuries? A Methodological Study Using a Motion Analysis System Without Sensors. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081249
Chicago/Turabian StyleNam, Hyok Woo, Jae Hyuk Yang, Seul Gi Park, Hye Chang Rhim, and Hong Jin Kim. 2024. "Is There a Pathologic Running Motion Associated with Running-Related Injuries? A Methodological Study Using a Motion Analysis System Without Sensors" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081249