Changes in Dickkopf-1, but Not Sclerostin, in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Are Associated with Peroral Statin Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) in Periodontitis Pathogenesis
1.2. Statins as Bone Metabolism Modulators
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Sampling
2.4. DKK-1 ELISA
2.5. SOST ELISA
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number (%) of Respondents | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Periodontitis (n = 40) | Periodontitis + Statins) (n = 39) | Total (n = 79) | ||
Stage | ||||
II | 8 (20) | 1 (2.6) | 9 (11.4) | 0.03 |
III | 11 (27.5) | 17 (43.6) | 28 (35.4) | |
IV | 21 (52.5) | 21 (53.8) | 42 (53.2) | |
Grade | ||||
A | 8 (20) | 2 (5.1) | 10 (12.7) | 0.05 |
B | 21 (52.5) | 18 (46.2) | 39 (49.4) | |
C | 11 (27.5) | 19 (48.7) | 30 (38) |
Periodontitis | Periodontitis + Statins | Total | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender [n (%)] | ||||
Men | 12 (30) | 13 (33) | 25 (32) | 0.75 * |
Women | 28 (70) | 26 (67) | 54 (68) | |
Age (years) [Median (IQR)] | 54 (45.25–60.5) | 62 (59–67) | 59 (48–64) | <0.001 ‡ |
Body mass (kg) [Median (IQR)] | 75 (65.5–86.75) | 83 (70–90) | 80 (70–90) | 0.17 ‡ |
Body height (cm) [Median (IQR)] | 168 (165–174.75) | 170 (165–174) | 170 (165–174) | 0.74 ‡ |
BMI (kg/m2) [Median (IQR)] | 25.9 (23.08–28.97) | 28.33 (25.1–31.14) | 26.93 (24.24–30.49) | 0.05 ‡ |
Level of education [n (%)] | ||||
Primary Education | 31 (78) | 29 (74) | 60 (76) | 0.85† |
Secondary Education | 2 (5) | 2 (5) | 4 (5) | |
Higher Secondary Education | 6 (15) | 5 (13) | 11 (14) | |
University Education | 1 (2) | 3 (8) | 4 (5) | |
Oral hygiene [n (%)] | ||||
Good | 18 (45) | 12 (31) | 30 (38) | 0.09 * |
Average | 13 (33) | 22 (56) | 35 (44) | |
Bad | 9 (23) | 5 (13) | 14 (18) | |
Diagnosed liver damage [n (%)] | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (1) | >0.99 † |
Diagnosed kidney damage | 2 (5) | 0 | 2 (3) | 0.49 † |
Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 1 (3) | 8 (21) | 9 (11) | 0.01 † |
Medicine for diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | ||||
Metformin | 1/1 | 5/8 | 6/9 | >0.99 † |
Insulin | 0 | 2/8 | 2/9 | |
Glimepiride | 0 | 1/8 | 1/9 | |
Smoking cigarettes [n (%)] | 18 (46) | 10 (26) | 28 (36) | 0.06 * |
How many cigarettes a day [n (%)] | ||||
Up to 10 | 7 (39) | 4 (40) | 11 (39) | >0.99 * |
11–20 | 10 (56) | 6 (60) | 16 (57) | |
20 or more | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
Alcohol drinking [n (%)] | 4 (10) | 3 (8) | 7 (8) | >0.99 * |
How much alcohol per week [n (%)] | ||||
1x week | 4/4 | 3/3 | 7/7 | - |
Physical activity [n (%)] | 24 (63) | 19 (50) | 43 (57) | 0.25 * |
Which physical activity | ||||
Walking | 16 (64) | 18 (95) | 34 (77) | 0.11 † |
Running | 3 (12) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | |
Cycling | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | |
Agricultural work | 4 (16) | 1 (5) | 5 (11) |
Total Number (%) of Respondents | |
---|---|
Approximal plaque | 60 (75.9) |
Vertical bone resorption | 39 (49.4) |
Horizontal bone resorption | 79 (100) |
Elevated CRP values | 8 (10.1) |
Median (Interquartile Range) According to Groups | Differences (95% CI) | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Periodontitis | Periodontitis + Statins | |||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) [n = 19:37] | 5.70 (5.13–6.87) | 5.34 (4.19–6.2) | −0.80 (−1.5 to 0.08) | 0.07 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) [n = 19:37] | 1.52 (1.16–2.42) | 1.41 (1.09–2.36) | −0.08 (−0.45 to 0.34) | 0.72 |
LDL (mmol/L) [n = 12:30] | 3.64 (3.02–4.33) | 2.80 (1.77–3.71) | −0.98 (−1.77 to −0.15) | 0.02 |
HDL (mmol/L) [n = 12:30] | 1.20 (1.09–1.50) | 1.31 (1.12–1.73) | 0.08 (−0.18 to 0.33) | 0.40 |
CRP [n = 4:4] | 4.4 (3.95–56.8) | 3.9 (0.73–37.83) | −3.1 | 0.69 |
HbA1c [n = 3:16] | 5.1 | 6.6 (5.83–8.13) | 1.4 | 0.01 |
Median (Interquartile Range) According to Groups | Differences (95% CI) | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Periodontitis | Periodontitis + Statins | |||
PD (mm) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 1 (0 to 2) | 0.001 |
GR (mm) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–3) | 1 (0 to1) | 0.03 |
CAL (mm) | 6.5 (5–8.5) | 8 (7–10) | 2 (1 to 3) | 0.001 |
Sclerostin | 15.43 (5.79–27.2) | 14.36 (6.50–37.21) | 0 (−7.14 to 8.57) | 0.96 |
DKK-1 | 4.71 (2.84–6.64) | 5.84 (4.31–7.91) | 1.33 (0 to 2.4) | 0.04 |
Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient Rho (p Value) | ||
---|---|---|
Sclerostin | DKK-1 Keep It Hyphen | |
Age | −0.108 (0.51) | −0.097 (0.56) |
BMI | −0.293 (0.07) | −0.175 (0.29) |
Total cholesterol | −0.118 (0.49) | 0.052 (0.76) |
Triglycerides | −0.221 (0.19) | −0.086 (0.61) |
LDL | −0.031 (0.87) | 0.156 (0.41) |
HDL | 0.142 (0.45) | 0.129 (0.50) |
HbA1c | 0.149 (0.58) | −0.096 (0.72) |
PD | −0.026 (0.88) | 0.350 (0.03) |
GR | −0.084 (0.61) | 0.186 (0.26) |
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Duspara, K.; Sikora, R.; Petrovic, A.; Kuna Roguljic, L.; Matic, A.; Kralik, K.; Roguljic, H.; Kizivat, T.; Duspara, M.; Igrec, D.; et al. Changes in Dickkopf-1, but Not Sclerostin, in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Are Associated with Peroral Statin Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis. Medicina 2024, 60, 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030508
Duspara K, Sikora R, Petrovic A, Kuna Roguljic L, Matic A, Kralik K, Roguljic H, Kizivat T, Duspara M, Igrec D, et al. Changes in Dickkopf-1, but Not Sclerostin, in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Are Associated with Peroral Statin Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis. Medicina. 2024; 60(3):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030508
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuspara, Kristina, Renata Sikora, Ana Petrovic, Lucija Kuna Roguljic, Anita Matic, Kristina Kralik, Hrvoje Roguljic, Tomislav Kizivat, Mirjana Duspara, Dunja Igrec, and et al. 2024. "Changes in Dickkopf-1, but Not Sclerostin, in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Are Associated with Peroral Statin Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis" Medicina 60, no. 3: 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030508
APA StyleDuspara, K., Sikora, R., Petrovic, A., Kuna Roguljic, L., Matic, A., Kralik, K., Roguljic, H., Kizivat, T., Duspara, M., Igrec, D., Bojanic, K., Smolic, R., Vcev, A., Wyszyńska, M., Wu, G. Y., & Smolic, M. (2024). Changes in Dickkopf-1, but Not Sclerostin, in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Are Associated with Peroral Statin Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis. Medicina, 60(3), 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030508