Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden: Results of a Population-Based Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Sample Description
2.2. Variable Measurement
2.2.1. Outcome Variables
2.2.2. Independent Variables
- (a)
- Main independent variable (main exposure)
- (b)
- Other independent variables (covariates)
2.2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | (n = 2597) | % |
---|---|---|
IPV (any type) | ||
No | 2433 | 93.7 |
Yes | 124 | 4.8 |
Missing | 40 | 1.5 |
Self-reported health | ||
Good | 1734 | 66.8 |
Bad | 821 | 31.6 |
Missing | 42 | 1.6 |
Self-reported stress | ||
No | 2348 | 90.4 |
Yes | 230 | 8.9 |
Missing | 19 | 0.7 |
Self-reported anxiety | ||
No | 1836 | 70.7 |
Yes | 726 | 28.0 |
Missing | 35 | 1.3 |
Self-reported depression | ||
No | 2261 | 87.1 |
Yes | 306 | 11.8 |
Missing | 30 | 30 |
Age | ||
18–29 | 192 | 7.4 |
30–44 | 302 | 11.6 |
45–64 | 736 | 28.3 |
65–84 | 1271 | 48.9 |
Missing | 96 | 3.7 |
Marital Status | ||
Married | 1245 | 47.9 |
Single | 937 | 36.1 |
Divorced | 326 | 12.6 |
Widowed | 87 | 3.4 |
Missing | 2 | 0.1 |
Education | ||
Primary and similar | 1385 | 53.3 |
Secondary and similar | 846 | 32.6 |
University and similar | 366 | 14.1 |
European socio-economic group | ||
High social class | 330 | 12.7 |
Middle social class | 324 | 12.5 |
Working class | 607 | 23.4 |
Missing | 1336 | 51.4 |
Individual disposable income | ||
Q < 144 | 490 | 18.9 |
Q2 144–214 Th | 641 | 24.7 |
Q3 214–294 | 608 | 23.4 |
Q4 > 294 | 845 | 32.5 |
Missing | 13 | 0.5 |
Social support | ||
Yes | 2217 | 85.4 |
No | 349 | 13.4 |
Missing | 31 | 1.2 |
Practical support | ||
Yes | 2418 | 93.1 |
No | 155 | 6.0 |
Missing | 24 | 0.9 |
Economic strain | ||
No | 2311 | 89.0 |
Yes | 136 | 5.2 |
Missing | 150 | 5.8 |
Risky alcohol behavior | ||
No | 2141 | 82.4 |
Yes | 404 | 15.6 |
Missing | 52 | 2.0 |
Long standing-illnesses | ||
No | 1426 | 54.9 |
Yes | 1105 | 42.5 |
Missing | 66 | 2.5 |
Variable | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
IPV (any type) | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 2.35 (1.45–3.81) *** | 1.81 (1.08–3.03) *** | 1.52 (0.66–3.50) | 1.46 (0.57–3.74) |
Age, yrs | ||||
18–29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
30–44 | 0.82 (0.48–1.38) | 0.55 (0.17–1.80) | 0.50 (1.44–1.76) | |
45–64 | 0.41 (0.52–1.37) | 0.45 (014–1.49) | 0.36 (0.11–1.22) | |
65–84 | 0.31 (0.18–1.53) | 0.24 (0.67–1.83) | 0.19 (0.53–1.69) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Single | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) | 1.04 (0.65–1.72) | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | |
Divorced | 1.70 (1.09–2.64) | 0.85 (0.39–1.88) | 0.80 (0.31–1.16) | |
Widowed | 0.60 (0.14–2.52) | 1.20 (0.14–9.91) | 0.96 (0.21–1.01) | |
Education | ||||
Primary and similar | 1.28 (0.65–2.54) | 1.17 (0.57–2.39) | ||
Secondary and similar | 0.98 (0.54–1.80) | 1.01 (0.54–1.90) | ||
University and similar | 1 | 1 | ||
European Socioeconomic Group classification | ||||
High social class | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle social class | 0.56 (0.30–1.04) | 0.61 (0.32–1.16) | ||
Working class | 0.57 (0.31–1.04) | 0.56 (0.30–1.03) | ||
Individual disposable income, thousands SEK | ||||
Q1 ≤ 144 | 0.56 (0.17–1.88) | 0.37 (0.95–1.45) | ||
Q2 = 144–214 | 0.85 (0.39–1.84) | 0.77 (0.34–1.73) | ||
Q3 = 215–294 | 0.61 (0.35–1.08) | 0.61 (0.34–1.10) | ||
Q4 ≥ 295 | 1 | 1 | ||
Social support | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 1.52 (0.86–2.69) | 1.29 (0.71–2.35) | ||
Practical support | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 4.66 (2.11–9.85) | 4.19 (1.91–9.17) | ||
Economic strain | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 2.02 (0.98–4.17) | 1.43 (0.65–3.14) | ||
Risky alcohol behaviour | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.07 (0.62–1.83) | |||
Long-standing illnesses | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.86 (0.53–1.42) | |||
Self-reported health | ||||
Good | 1 | |||
Poor | 3.81 (2.29–6.36) *** |
Variable | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
IPV (any type) | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.54 (1.06–2.25) *** | 1.38 (0.93–2.05) | 1.06 (0.57–1.97) | 0.86 (0.40–1.84) |
Age, yrs | ||||
18–29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
30–44 | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | 1.47 (0.56–3.90) | 2.34 (0.73–7.48) | |
45–64 | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 1.51 (0.57–4.01) | 2.08 (0.65–6.57) | |
65–84 | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 1.12 (0.40–3.05) | 1.59 (0.48–5.23) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Single | 1.49 (1.20–1.85) *** | 1.14 (0.83–1.58) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | |
Divorced | 1.20 (1.10–2.10) *** | 1.21 (0.75–1.96) | 1.36 (0.80–2.32) | |
Widowed | 1.10 (0.62–1.93) | 1.13 (0.30–4.27) | 1.30 (0.31–5.38) | |
Education | ||||
Primary and similar | 1.01 (0.64–1.61) | 0.96 (0.56–1.59) | ||
Secondary and similar | 1.03 (0.60–1.57) | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) | ||
University and similar | 1 | 1 | ||
European Socioeconomic Group classification | ||||
High social class | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle social class | 0.88 (0.58–1.34) | 0.97 (0.61–1.55) | ||
Working class | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | ||
Individual disposable income, thousands SEK | ||||
Q1 ≤ 144 | 1.28 (0.62–2.64) | 1.51 (0.67–3.41) | ||
Q2 = 145–214 | 1.12 (0.68–1.85) | 1.05 (0.59–1.87) | ||
Q3 = 215–294 | 1.02 (0.72–1.44) | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | ||
Q4 ≥ 295 | 1 | 1 | ||
Social support | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 1.49 (1.00–2.22) *** | 1.38 (0.88–2.17) | ||
Practical support | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 2.07 (1.10–3.88) **** | 1.02 (0.48–2.18) | ||
Economic strain | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 2.15 (1.25–3.71) *** | 1.65 (0.85–3.09) | ||
Risky alcohol behaviour | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | |||
Long-standing illnesses | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | |||
Self-reported health | ||||
Good | 1 | |||
Poor | 2.85 (1.95–4.15) *** |
Variable | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
IPV (any type) | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 2.30 (1.48–3.57) *** | 2.00 (1.26–3.18) *** | 1.42 (0.67–3.05) | 1.40 (0.67–3.32) |
Age, yrs | ||||
18–29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
30–44 | 1.59 (0.93–2.72) | 1.26 (0.33–4.88) | 1.41 (0.34–5.78) | |
45–64 | 1.19 (0.71–1.99) | 1.01 (0.26–3.93) | 0.93 (0.22–3.85) | |
65–84 | 0.86 (0.51–1.49) | 0.65 (0.16–2.63) | 0.57 (0.13–2.49) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Single | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 071 (0.44–1.16) | |
Divorced | 1.84 (1.27–2.65) *** | 1.55 (0.85–2.84) | 1.70 (0.90–3.23) | |
Widowed | 1.57 (0.75–3.28) | 0.87 (0.11–7.09) | 1.08 (0.13–8.88) | |
Education | ||||
Primary and similar | 0.99 (0.52–1.90) | 1.02 (0.51–2.04) | ||
Secondary and similar | 1.15 (0.66–2.03) | 1.35 (0.75–2.45) | ||
University and similar | 1 | 1 | ||
European Socioeconomic Group classification | ||||
High social class | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle social class | 0.83 (0.47–1.45) | 0.88 (0.49–1.57) | ||
Working class | 0.64 (0.37–1.12) | 0.62 (0.35–1.10) | ||
Individual disposable income, thousands SEK | ||||
Q1 ≤ 144 | 1.16 (0.41–3.28) | 0.97 (0.31–3.01) | ||
Q2 = 145–214 | 1.70 (0.86–3.37) | 1.64 (0.80–3.35) | ||
Q3 = 215–294 | 1.60 (0.98–2.61) | 1.63 (0.98–2.72) | ||
Q4 ≥ 295 | 1 | 1 | ||
Social support | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 1.39 (0.81–2.41) | 1.25 (0.71–2.19) | ||
Practical support | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 2.41 (1.13–5.14) *** | 1.51 (0.66–3.46) | ||
Economic strain | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.12 (0.56–2.60) | 1.00 (0.45–2.22) | ||
Risky alcohol behaviour | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.78 (0.45–1.34) | |||
Long-standing illnesses | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.31 (0.84–2.04) | |||
Self-reported health | ||||
Good | 1 | |||
Poor | 2.44 (1.51–3.95) *** |
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Macassa, G.; Wijk, K.; Rashid, M.; Hiswåls, A.-S.; Daca, C.; Soares, J. Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Medicina 2023, 59, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020235
Macassa G, Wijk K, Rashid M, Hiswåls A-S, Daca C, Soares J. Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Medicina. 2023; 59(2):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020235
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacassa, Gloria, Katarina Wijk, Mamunur Rashid, Anne-Sofie Hiswåls, Chanvo Daca, and Joaquim Soares. 2023. "Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden: Results of a Population-Based Survey" Medicina 59, no. 2: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020235
APA StyleMacassa, G., Wijk, K., Rashid, M., Hiswåls, A.-S., Daca, C., & Soares, J. (2023). Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Medicina, 59(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020235