Hand Grip Strength, Osteoporosis, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Measurement of HGS
2.4. Assessment of HRQoL
2.5. Definition of Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Total Participants
3.2. HGS in Participants with or without Osteoporosis
3.3. The Comparison of EQ-5D Index by Subgroup Analysis
3.4. The Comparison of HRQoL by the Presence of Osteoporosis and HGS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strong HGS | Weak HGS | p-Value | Strong HGS | Weak HGS | p-Value | Strong HGS | Weak HGS | p-Value | |
N | 10,450 | 3516 | 4652 | 1547 | 5798 | 1969 | |||
Osteoporotic patients | 6.27 (0.24) | 16.15 (0.76) | <0.001 | 0.73(0.14) | 2.54 (0.47) | <0.001 | 11.91 (0.46) | 27.13 (1.26) | <0.001 |
HGS (kg) | 34 ± 0.1 | 21.82 ± 0.15 | <0.001 | 42.32 ± 0.11 | 28.46 ± 0.12 | <0.001 | 25.48 ± 0.06 | 16.39 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
Age | 54.1 ± 0.2 | 64.4 ± 0.29 | <0.001 | 53.68 ± 0.17 | 64.73 ± 0.37 | <0.001 | 54.54 ± 0.17 | 64.13 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
Low income | 316 | 34.34 (1.21) | <0.001 | 10.73 (0.56) | 31.46 (1.45) | <0.001 | 15.47 (0.63) | 36.69 (1.53) | <0.001 |
Education ≥10 years | 72.39 (0.71) | 44.15 (1.24) | <0.001 | 78.26 (0.79) | 52.29 (1.63) | <0.001 | 66.39 (0.84) | 37.48 (1.46) | <0.001 |
Smoking | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.304 | ||||||
Non-smoker | 56.01 (0.53) | 60.59 (0.97) | 20.5 (0.7) | 20.33 (1.18) | 92.3 (0.43) | 93.54 (0.69) | |||
Ex-smoker | 24.07 (0.48) | 24.18(0.77) | 44.36 (0.87) | 50.43 (1.44) | 3.34 (0.27) | 2.68 (0.4) | |||
Current-smoker | 19.92 (0.51) | 15.24 (0.82) | 35.14 (0.88) | 29.24 (1.49) | 4.36 (0.35) | 3.78 (0.56) | |||
Drinking | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Non | 23.85 (0.53) | 41.82 (1) | 14.92 (0.62) | 28.28 (1.42) | 32.97 (0.77) | 52.9 (1.37) | |||
Mild | 66.41 (0.58) | 51.89 (1.05) | 67.61 (0.82) | 59.16 (1.51) | 65.18 (0.78) | 45.94 (1.36) | |||
Heavy | 9.74 (0.34) | 6.29 (0.51) | 17.47 (0.63) | 12.56 (1.09) | 1.84 (0.23) | 1.16 (0.27) | |||
Aerobic physical activity | 45.5 (0.7) | 33.03 (1.01) | <0.001 | 47.21 (0.9) | 37.6 (1.61) | <0.001 | 43.79 (0.8) | 29.3 (1.17) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 12.9 (0.4) | 21.43 (0.83) | <0.001 | 15.19 (0.59) | 23.6 (1.27) | <0.001 | 10.47 (0.48) | 19.66 (1.05) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 34.7 (0.6) | 48.42 (1.15) | <0.001 | 39.64 (0.83) | 47.66 (1.55) | <0.001 | 29.71 (0.72) | 49.04 (1.49) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 25.16 (0.51) | 28.68 (0.9) | <0.001 | 22.84 (0.68) | 21.48 (1.22) | 0.317 | 27.54 (0.66) | 34.58 (1.22) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.32 ± 0.04 | 23.68 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | 24.74 ± 0.05 | 23.42 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 23.89 ± 0.06 | 23.88 ± 0.09 | 0.990 |
WC (cm) | 83.75 ± 0.12 | 83.22 ± 0.2 | 0.014 | 87.23 ± 0.14 | 85.33 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | 80.2 ± 0.16 | 81.49 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 120.13 ± 0.22 | 123.82 ± 0.41 | <0.001 | 121.88 ± 0.28 | 123.18 ± 0.52 | 0.019 | 118.34 ± 0.29 | 124.34 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.85 ± 0.13 | 73.96 ± 0.23 | <0.001 | 80.25 ± 0.18 | 74.24 ± 0.33 | <0.001 | 75.4 ± 0.16 | 73.72 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103.02 ± 0.28 | 106.22 ± 0.55 | <0.001 | 106.25 ± 0.45 | 109.17 ± 0.9 | 0.003 | 99.72 ± 0.34 | 103.81 ± 0.68 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.56 ± 0.45 | 189.96 ± 0.75 | <0.001 | 195.75 ± 0.66 | 184.1 ± 1.22 | <0.001 | 199.4 ± 0.53 | 194.76 ± 0.98 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.39 ± 0.15 | 49.1 ± 0.26 | <0.001 | 46.73 ± 0.19 | 46.58 ± 0.36 | 0.711 | 54.14 ± 0.2 | 51.16 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
EQ-5D index | 0.96 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0 | <0.001 | 0.97 ± 0 | 0.92 ± 0 | <0.001 | 0.95 ± 0 | 0.88 ± 0 | <0.001 |
N | HGS (kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |||
Total | Healthy individuals | 12,465 | 32.31 ± 0.12 | 29.88 ± 0.08 | 29.88 ± 0.08 |
Osteoporotic patients | 1501 | 21.59 ± 0.22 | 30.28 ± 0.17 | 30.25 ± 0.18 | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.028 | 0.049 | ||
Male | Healthy individuals | 6102 | 39.7 ± 0.13 | 38.46 ± 0.11 | 38.46 ± 0.11 |
Osteoporotic patients | 97 | 34.18 ± 1.19 | 37.56 ± 0.96 | 37.52 ± 0.96 | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.355 | 0.336 | ||
Female | Healthy individuals | 6363 | 23.87 ± 0.09 | 23.11 ± 0.08 | 23.11 ± 0.08 |
Osteoporotic patients | 1404 | 20.68 ± 0.17 | 22.63 ± 0.16 | 22.62 ± 0.16 | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.006 |
N | EQ-5D Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |||
Total | Healthy individuals with strong HGS | 9588 | 0.97 ± 0.00 | 0.95 ± 0.00 | 0.95 ± 0.00 |
Osteoporotic patients with strong HGS | 862 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | |
Healthy individuals with weak HGS | 2877 | 0.92 ± 0.00 | 0.93 ± 0.00 | 0.93 ± 0.00 | |
Osteoporotic patients with weak HGS | 639 | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Male | Healthy individuals with strong HGS | 4602 | 0.97 ± 0.00 | 0.96 ± 0.00 | 0.96 ± 0.00 |
Osteoporotic patients with strong HGS | 50 | 0.94 ± 0.2 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | |
Healthy individuals with weak HGS | 1500 | 0.93 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | |
Osteoporotic patients with weak HGS | 47 | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Female | Healthy individuals with strong HGS | 4986 | 0.96 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 |
Osteoporotic patients with strong HGS | 812 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | |
Healthy individuals with weak HGS | 1377 | 0.90 ± 0.00 | 0.91 ± 0.00 | 0.92 ± 0.00 | |
Osteoporotic patients with weak HGS | 592 | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Park, H.J.; Han, B.; Chang, S.-y.; Kang, S.H.; Lee, D.W.; Kang, S. Hand Grip Strength, Osteoporosis, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Medicina 2023, 59, 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122148
Park HJ, Han B, Chang S-y, Kang SH, Lee DW, Kang S. Hand Grip Strength, Osteoporosis, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Medicina. 2023; 59(12):2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122148
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Hyo Jin, Byoungduck Han, So-youn Chang, Seung Ho Kang, Dae Wook Lee, and Seok Kang. 2023. "Hand Grip Strength, Osteoporosis, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults" Medicina 59, no. 12: 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122148
APA StylePark, H. J., Han, B., Chang, S. -y., Kang, S. H., Lee, D. W., & Kang, S. (2023). Hand Grip Strength, Osteoporosis, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Medicina, 59(12), 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122148