Effect of Regular Exercise and Functional Beverages on Changes in Body Weight and Waist Circumference in Healthy Japanese Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Changes in Weight, BMI, and WC
3.3. Lipid-Related FOSHU Beverage Intake
3.4. Multivariable-Adjusted Regression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Age (years) | p for Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | ≥50 | |||
Men | (n = 2497) | (n = 384) | (n = 952) | (n = 736) | (n = 425) | |
BW, kg | 68.6 (62.4, 75.7) | 66.4 (60.5, 73.4) | 69.1 (69.1, 77.2) | 69.7 (63.9, 76.2) | 67.6 (61.8, 73.5) | 0.373 |
WC, cm | 83.0 (77.0, 89.0) | 78.0 (74.0, 83.9) | 82.5 (77.0, 89.0) | 84.5 (79.0, 90.0) | 84.0 (79.1, 90.0) | <0.001 |
Regular exercise frequency | ||||||
<1/month | 783 (32.9) | 95 (25.3) | 294 (31.7) | 270 (39.1) | 124 (31.8) | 0.036 |
1/month–1/week | 1053 (44.2) | 188 (50.1) | 438 (47.3) | 274 (39.7) | 153 (39.2) | <0.001 |
2–4/week | 489 (20.5) | 80 (21.3) | 179 (19.3) | 136 (19.7) | 94 (24.1) | 0.651 |
≥5/week | 58 (2.4) | 12 (3.2) | 16 (1.7) | 11 (1.6) | 19 (4.9) | 0.208 |
Lipid-related FOSHU beverage intake, bottle/week | ||||||
<1 | 1493 (59.8) | 251 (65.4) | 544 (57.1) | 421 (57.2) | 277 (65.2) | 0.830 |
1–2 | 438 (17.5) | 70 (18.2) | 196 (20.6) | 119 (16.2) | 53 (12.5) | 0.002 |
3–4 | 304 (12.2) | 37 (9.6) | 119 (12.5) | 99 (13.5) | 49 (11.5) | 0.384 |
≥5 | 262 (10.5) | 26 (6.8) | 93 (9.8) | 97 (13.2) | 46 (10.8) | 0.012 |
Women | (n = 505) | (n = 163) | (n = 118) | (n = 132) | (n = 92) | |
BW, kg | 51.0 (46.5, 56.0) | 50.7 (47.4, 54.4) | 50.8 (45.5, 56.1) | 52.4 (46.5, 57.2) | 51.6 (46.1, 55.4) | 0.641 |
WC, cm | 73.5 (68.5, 79.5) | 70.8 (66.5, 75.4) | 73.0 (68.8, 78.5) | 76.0 (71.0, 82.3) | 76.7 (71.6, 85.2) | <0.001 |
Regular exercise frequency | ||||||
<1/months | 210 (45.3) | 60 (36.8) | 48 (40.7) | 60 (45.5) | 42 (45.7) | 0.103 |
1/month–1/week | 181 (39.0) | 65 (39.9) | 48 (40.7) | 43 (32.6) | 25 (27.2) | 0.026 |
2–4/week | 72 (15.5) | 31 (19.0) | 16 (13.6) | 14 (10.6) | 11 (12.0) | 0.057 |
≥5/week | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.505 |
Lipid-related FOSHU beverage intake, bottle/week | ||||||
<1 | 300 (59.4) | 93 (57.1) | 72 (61.0) | 78 (59.1) | 57 (62.0) | 0.513 |
1–2 | 78 (15.5) | 39 (23.9) | 17 (14.4) | 16 (12.1) | 6 (6.5) | <0.001 |
3–4 | 49 (9.7) | 18 (11.0) | 15 (12.7) | 11 (8.3) | 5 (5.4) | 0.118 |
≥5 | 37 (7.3) | 7 (4.3) | 8 (6.8) | 12 (9.1) | 10 (10.9) | 0.037 |
Age (years) | p for Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | ≥50 | ||
Men (n = 2497) | |||||
BW, kg/year | 0.86 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.10) | <0.001 |
WC, cm/year | 1.09 (0.20) | 0.19 (0.12) | −0.10 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.21) | <0.001 |
Women (n = 505) | |||||
BW, kg/year | 0.31 (0.17) | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.72 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.753 |
WC, cm/year | 0.86 (0.38) | −0.04 (0.40) | 0.38 (0.43) | 0.22 (0.60) | 0.982 |
Regular Exercise Frequencies | p for Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1/mo | 1/mo–1/wk | ≥5/wk | 2–4/wk | ||
Men (n = 2497) | |||||
BW, kg/year | 0.43 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.11) | −0.61 (0.33) | 0.012 |
WC, cm/year | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.35 (0.10) | 0.35 (0.15) | −0.79 (0.40) | 0.192 |
Women (n = 505) | |||||
BW, kg/year | 0.63 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.13) | −0.04 (0.28) | −1.1 (0.0) | 0.044 |
WC, cm/year | 0.66 (0.23) | 0.66 (0.31) | −0.05 (0.45) | −6.5 (0.0) | 0.555 |
Lipid-Related FOSHU Beverage Intake | p for Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1/wk | 1–2/wk | 3–4/wk | ≥5/wk | ||
All (n = 3002) | (n = 1793) | (n = 516) | (n = 353) | (n = 299) | |
BW, kg/year | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.11) | 0.29 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.731 |
WC, cm/year | 0.35 (0.10) | 0.34 (0.15) | 0.37 (0.20) | −0.16 (0.20) | 0.269 |
Lipid-Related FOSHU Beverage Intake | p for Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1/wk | 1–2/wk | 3–4/wk | ≥5/wk | ||
Regular exercise (+) (n = 774) | (n = 439) | (n = 136) | (n = 79) | (n = 80) | |
BW, kg/year | −0.05 (0.09) | 0.53 (0.21) | 0.67 (0.32) | −0.44 (0.34) | 0.042 |
WC, cm/year | −0.18 (0.29) | 0.64 (0.29) | 0.69 (0.44) | −0.84 (0.43) | 0.473 |
Regular exercise (−) (n = 2227) | (n = 1354) | (n = 380) | (n = 274) | (n = 219) | |
BW, kg/year | 0.48 (0.06) | 0.41 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.17) | 0.17 (0.19) | 0.067 |
WC, cm/year | 0.53 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.18) | 0.28 (0.22) | 0.09 (0.23) | 0.075 |
Sex- and Age-Adjusted * | Multivariable-Adjusted † | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | (95% CI) | p-Value | β | (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Changes in BW, kg/year | ||||||
Men vs. women | 0.10 | (−0.11, 0.32) | 0.340 | 0.36 | (0.07, 0.64) | 0.015 |
Age, years | −0.17 | (−0.26, −0.09) | <0.001 | −0.16 | (−0.25, −0.08) | <0.001 |
Baseline BW, kg | 0.00 | (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.157 | −0.01 | (−0.02, −0.01) | <0.001 |
Baseline body mass index, kg/m2 | −0.01 | (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.016 | −0.01 | (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.012 |
Regular exercise | −0.31 | (−0.51, −0.11) | 0.002 | −0.20 | (−0.39, −0.02) | 0.032 |
Lipid-related FOSHU beverage intake | −0.07 | (−0.15, 0.01) | 0.097 | 0.01 | (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.760 |
Changes in WC, cm/year | ||||||
Men vs. women | 0.20 | (−0.16, 0.57) | 0.277 | 1.21 | (0.79, 1.63) | <0.001 |
Age, years | 0.07 | (−0.37, −0.08) | 0.003 | −0.01 | (−0.17, 0.13) | 0.823 |
Baseline WC, cm | −0.07 | (−0.08, −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.16 | (−0.18, −0.14) | <0.001 |
Baseline body mass index, kg/m2 | −0.02 | (−0.03, −0.01) | <0.001 | 0.1 | (0.08, 0.12) | <0.001 |
Regular exercise | −0.46 | (−0.80, −0.12) | 0.008 | 0.02 | (−0.56, 0.06) | 0.117 |
Lipid-related FOSHU beverage intake | −0.08 | (−0.22, 0.07) | 0.287 | −0.04 | (−0.20, 0.02) | 0.116 |
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Ide, K.; Takeuchi, M.; Seki, T.; Kawakami, K. Effect of Regular Exercise and Functional Beverages on Changes in Body Weight and Waist Circumference in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Medicina 2018, 54, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina54040064
Ide K, Takeuchi M, Seki T, Kawakami K. Effect of Regular Exercise and Functional Beverages on Changes in Body Weight and Waist Circumference in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Medicina. 2018; 54(4):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina54040064
Chicago/Turabian StyleIde, Kazuki, Masato Takeuchi, Tomotsugu Seki, and Koji Kawakami. 2018. "Effect of Regular Exercise and Functional Beverages on Changes in Body Weight and Waist Circumference in Healthy Japanese Subjects" Medicina 54, no. 4: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina54040064