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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimized Preparation of Gastrodiae elata Extract Enhances Antiepileptic Effects by Regulating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rats

by
He Wang
1,†,
Shiyi Lun
1,†,
Hu Ding
2,
Zhimeng Li
1,
Xian Wu
1,
Huiyang Yuan
1,
Bo Yang
1,
Guoxin Ji
1,
Huan Wang
1,2,* and
Shumin Wang
1,*
1
College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
2
Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(7), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48070688
Submission received: 8 April 2026 / Revised: 19 May 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 / Published: 3 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Gastrodia elata, the dried tuber of G. elata Bl. (Orchidaceae), is a valuable medicinal and edible botanical resource. This study optimized the preparation of Yellow Rice Wine-Processed G. elata (YPGE) and investigated its antiepileptic effects and underlying mechanisms in a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled rat model. Processing parameters were optimized using single-factor experiments combined with an analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy weight method (EWM) weighting strategy and Box–Behnken design–response surface methodology. The optimal parameters were determined as 18% alcohol by volume, 72 °C drying temperature, and 32 h drying time. Compared with unprocessed G. elata (GE), YPGE exhibited 0.54-, 0.13-, 1.87-, and 3.58-fold increases in the contents of gastrodin (GAS), G. elata polysaccharides (GEPs), p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (p-HBA), and total parishins (TP), respectively, and demonstrated significantly enhanced in vitro antioxidant activity (IC50 values of 2.604, 2.719, and 4.046 mg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals). In vivo, both GE and YPGE significantly reduced seizure severity, decreased inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), alleviated oxidative stress (increased SOD and GSH-Px, decreased MDA), and modulated neurotransmitter balance (reduced Glu, increased GABA) in brain tissues. YPGE also upregulated P-glycoprotein expression and reduced neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax. These findings suggest that YPGE exerts multi-target antiepileptic effects through synergistic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic actions, providing experimental evidence for the development of novel antiepileptic therapies based on processed G. elata.
Keywords: Gastrodia elata Bl.; yellow rice wine processing; epilepsy; neuroinflammation; active components; antioxidant activity Gastrodia elata Bl.; yellow rice wine processing; epilepsy; neuroinflammation; active components; antioxidant activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, H.; Lun, S.; Ding, H.; Li, Z.; Wu, X.; Yuan, H.; Yang, B.; Ji, G.; Wang, H.; Wang, S. Optimized Preparation of Gastrodiae elata Extract Enhances Antiepileptic Effects by Regulating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rats. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48, 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48070688

AMA Style

Wang H, Lun S, Ding H, Li Z, Wu X, Yuan H, Yang B, Ji G, Wang H, Wang S. Optimized Preparation of Gastrodiae elata Extract Enhances Antiepileptic Effects by Regulating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rats. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2026; 48(7):688. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48070688

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, He, Shiyi Lun, Hu Ding, Zhimeng Li, Xian Wu, Huiyang Yuan, Bo Yang, Guoxin Ji, Huan Wang, and Shumin Wang. 2026. "Optimized Preparation of Gastrodiae elata Extract Enhances Antiepileptic Effects by Regulating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rats" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 48, no. 7: 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48070688

APA Style

Wang, H., Lun, S., Ding, H., Li, Z., Wu, X., Yuan, H., Yang, B., Ji, G., Wang, H., & Wang, S. (2026). Optimized Preparation of Gastrodiae elata Extract Enhances Antiepileptic Effects by Regulating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rats. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 48(7), 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48070688

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