Presence of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Malignant Neoplasia and Non-Malignant Breast Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Classification
2.2. Histological Diagnosis
2.3. DNA Extraction and Amplification
2.4. Detection and Genotyping of HPV
2.4.1. Nested PCR Conditions
2.4.2. qPCR Conditions
2.4.3. HPV Genotyping
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histopathological Diagnosis
3.2. HPV Presence in Breast Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Sample | Method | Control/+HPV | Cases/+HPV | Breast Pathology Predominant | VPH Predominant | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UK | FST | PCR (L1, E7), SB | NS | 80/0 | IC | NS | [13] |
USA | PET | PCR (E6), DB | 15/0 | 28/0 | PC | NS | [14] |
India | PET | PCR (E6, URR), SB | NS | 30/0 | IDC | NS | [15] |
Austria | PET | PCR (L1), DB | NS | 20/0 | PD | NS | [16] |
Switzerland | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 81/0 | IC | NS | [17] |
France | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 50/0 | IDC | NS | [18] |
Tunisia | PET/FST | PCR (L1, E1, E6, E7), ISH | NS | 123/0 | IDC | NS | [19] |
India | FST | PCR (L1, E6, E7) | NS | 228/0 | IDC | NS | [20] |
Brazil | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 79/0 | IDC | NS | [21] |
China | FroST | PCR (L1) | 77/0 | 77/0 | IDC | NS | [22] |
Spain | PET | PCR (L1), DEIA | 2/0 | 76/0 | IDC | NS | [23] |
Greece | FroST | MA (E1) | NS | 201/0 | IDC | NS | [24] |
Italy | PET | PCR (L1,E6), ISH | NS | 40/12, 12/0 | IC | 16 | [25] |
Norway | PET | PCR (L1,E6) | NS | 41/19 | IC | 16 | [26] |
Brazil | PET | PCR (E6) | 41/0 | 101/25 | IC | 16 | [27] |
Australia | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 11/7 | IC | 16 | [28] |
USA | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ, ISH | NS | 29/25 | IC | 11 | [29] |
Australia | FST | PCR (E6), SEQ | NS | 50/24 | IDC | 18 | [30] |
Greece | FroST | PCR (L1,E6,E4) RFLP | NS | 107/17 | IDC | 16 | [31] |
Turkey | FST | PCR (L1, E6,E7) | 50/16 | 50/37 | IDC | 18 | [32] |
Syria | PET | PCR (E1), TMA | NS | 113/69 | IC | 33 | [33] |
Japan | PET | PCR (E6) | 11/0 | 124/26 | IC | 16 | [34] |
Mexico | PET | PCR, SEQ | 40/0 | 67/3 | IDC | 16, 18, 31, 33, 6 | [35] |
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ | 43/0 | 51/15 | IDC | 16 | [36] |
Australia | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ, ISPCR | 17/3 | 26/8 | IDC, | 18 | [37] |
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1), RT-qPCR | NS | 70/17 | IDC | 16 | [38] |
Chile | PET | PCR (L1), RT-qPCR | NS | 46/4 | IDC | 16 | [39] |
China | FroTS | PCR (L1), DB, SEQ | 46/0 | 62/4 | IC | 16 | [40] |
Australia | FroTS | PCR (L1), ISH, SEQ | NS | 54/27 | IDC | 18 | [41] |
Iran | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ | 41/1 | 58/1 | IDC | 16, 18 | [42] |
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 20/8 | MBC | 16 | [43] |
Argentina | FST | PCR (L1) | NS | 61/16 | IDC | 11 | [44] |
China | FST | HCA | 37/6 | 224/48 | IC | NS | [45] |
Iraq | PET | ISH | 24/320/0 | 129/60 | IC | 31 | [46] |
Italy | PET | INNO-LIPPA (L1) | 40/0 | 40/6 | IDC | 16 | [47] |
Iran | PET | INNO-LIPPA (L1) | 51/7 | 55/10 | IC | 16 | [48] |
China | DS | PCR, MS | 50/0 | 100/2 | IDC | 18 | [49] |
Iran | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ | 65/0 | 65/22 | IDC | 6 | [50] |
China | PET | PCR (E7), ISH | 83/1 | 169/25 | IDC | 58 | [51] |
Australia | FroST | PCR (L1) | 10/1 | 80/13 | IDC | NS | [52] |
China | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ | 92/0 | 187/3 | IDC | 16 | [53] |
Venezuela | FST | INNO-LIPPA (L1) | NS | 24/10 | IDC | 51 | [54] |
Australia | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ | 18/3 | 28/13 | IC | 18 | [55] |
Corea | PET | PCR | NS | 123/22 | IDC | 51 | [56] |
Pakistan | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 46/8 | IDC | 16 | [57] |
Iran | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 84/27 | IDC | 16 | [58] |
China | PET | PCR (E6, E7) | NS | 76/23 | IDC | 18 | [59] |
Spain | PET | PCR (L1) | 186/49 | 251/130 | IC | 16 | [4] |
Thailand | PET | PCR (L1) | 350/10 | 350/15 | IDC | 16 | [60] |
India | FST | PCR (L1) | 21/2 | 313/203 | IDC | 16 | [10] |
UK | FST | PCR (L1) | 36/11 | 74/35 | IC | 16 | [61] |
China | FST | HCA | NS | 81/14 | IDC | NS | [62] |
Pakistan | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 250/45 | IDC | NS | [63] |
Brazil | PET | PCR (L1) | 95/15 | 103/51 | NS | 6/11 | [64] |
Iran | PET | PCR (L1), MA | NS | 72/4 | IDC | NS | [65] |
Morocco | FroST | TS-MPG | 12/1 | 76/19 | IDC | 11 | [66] |
Rwuanda | PET | PCR (L1) | NS | 47/22 | IDC | 16 | [67] |
Denmark | PET | PCR (E6, E7), RH | 100/3 | 93/1 | IDC | 16 | [68] |
Iran | PET | RT-qPCR (L1) | 40/0 | 98/8 | NS | 16,18 | [69] |
Iran | FroST | PCR (L1, E7) | 31/5 | 72/35 | IDC | 18 | [70] |
Italy | PET | PCR (L1), ISH, MS | NS | 273/80 | IC | 16 | [71] |
USA | PET | PCR (L1), MA | 27/8 | 18/8 | IP | 11 | [72] |
Egypt | FroST | RT-qPCR (E6) | 15/0 | 20/4 | IDC | 16 | [73] |
Qatar | FST | TS-MPG | 50/4 | 50/10 | IDC | 16, 35 | [74] |
Egypt | PET, FST | PCR (L1) | 30/0 | 80/33 | IDC | NS | [75] |
Sudan | PET | PCR | NS | 150/13 | NS | 16 | [76] |
Qatar | PET | PCR (E6,E7) | NS | 74/48 | IDC | 52 | [77] |
Primer | Sequence 5′-3′ | Gene Fragment | Size (pb) |
---|---|---|---|
KM29 | GGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGG | β-globin | 205 |
PCO4 | CAACTTCATCCACGTTACCC | β-globin | 205 |
MY09 * | CGTCCMARRGGAWACTGATC | L1 VPH | 450 |
MY11 * | GCMCAGGGWCATAAYAATGG | L1 VPH | 450 |
GP5+ | TTTGTTACTGTGGTAGATACTAC | L1 VPH | 140–150 |
GP6+ | GAAAAATAAACTGTAAATCATATTC | L1 VPH | 140–150 |
Classification | n | HPV+ | HPV− | % HPV+ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal mammary tissue | 11 | 3 | 8 | 27.3 |
Normal breast tissue | 10 | 2 | 8 | 20 |
Normal mammary lymph node | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100 |
Malignant neoplasm | 59 | 12 | 47 | 20.3 |
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma | 44 | 8 | 36 | 18.2 |
Infiltrating lobular carcinoma | 8 | 2 | 6 | 25 |
Mucinous carcinom | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100 |
Ductal carcinoma in situ | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Metaplastic carcinoma | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100 |
Non-cancerous breast disease | 46 | 16 | 30 | 34.8 |
Phyllodes tumors | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Fibroadenoma | 18 | 7 | 11 | 38.9 |
Adenomyoepithelioma | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Intraductal papilloma | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Hyperplasia | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Mastitis | 6 | 3 | 3 | 50 |
Fibrocystic mastopathy | 15 | 6 | 9 | 40 |
Total | 116 | 31 | 85 | 26.7% |
VPH | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Number of samples | 116 (100) | 31 (26.7) | 85 (73.3) | |
Sex | 0.4648 a | |||
Male | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | |
Female | 114 (100) | 30 (26.3) | 84 (73.7) | |
Age (years) | 48.9 ± 13.1 | 46.9 ± 14.4 | 49.8 ± 12.6 | 0.4044 c |
CI 95% | (45.8–52.1) | (40.4–53.5) | (46.2–53.4) | |
Range | (17–76) | (17–74) | (18–76) | |
Malignant neoplasm | 59 (100) | 12 (20.3) | 47 (79.7) | 0.2521 b |
Non-cancerous breast disease | 46 (100) | 16 (34.8) | 30 (65.2) | |
Normal breast | 11 (100) | 3 (27.3) | 8 (72.7) | |
Tumor size (cm) | 3.5 (16.0–1.0) | 3.5 (8.0–1.2) | 3.7 (16.0–1.0) | 0.6788 d |
CI 95% | (3.0–4.0) | (2.0–7.8) | (3.0–4.0) | |
Tumor size (TNM) | 0.4422 b | |||
T1 (≤2 cm) | 11 (100) | 3 (27.3) | (72.7) | |
T2 (>2 cm–5 cm) | 28 (100) | 6 (21.4) | 22 (78.6) | |
T3 (>5 cm) | 6 (100) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | |
Not available | 9 | 1 | 8 | |
Clinique stage | 0.6242 a | |||
EII | 39 (100) | 9 (23.1) | 30 (76.9) | |
EIII | 6 (100) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | |
Not available | 9 | 1 | 8 | |
Scale SBR | 8 (9–4) | 8 (9–4) | 8 (9–6) | 0.2470 d |
CI 95% | (8–9) | 6–9 | 8–9 | |
SBR | ||||
3–5: Stage I (well differentiated) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 0 | U |
6–7: Stage II (moderately differentiated) | 11 (100) | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | U |
8–9: Stage III (poorly differentiated) | 41 (100) | 8 (19.5) | 33 (80.5) | U |
Histological Type | HPV Genotypes Detected | |
---|---|---|
Single genotype n = 3 (10%) | Mucinous carcinoma | 44 |
Fibroadenoma | 42 | |
Mastitis | 42 | |
Multiple genotype n = 5 (16%) | Fibroadenoma | 58 + 51 |
Fibroadenoma | 31 + 42 + 59 | |
Cystic fibrous mastopathy | 31 + 59 + 42 | |
Cystic fibrous mastopathy | 31 + 42 | |
Mastitis | 42 + 31 + 59 + 44 + 58 |
Country | Sample | Method | Cases/+HPV (%) | HPV Genotype | Reference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Venezuela | FST | PCR (L1), RH | 24/10 (41.7) | 51 | 18 | 33 | 6 | 11 | [54] | |
Brazil | PET | PCR (L1), TS-MPG, SEQ | 103/51 (49.5) | 6 | 11 | 18 | 31 | 33 | 52 | [64] |
Brazil | PET | PCR (E6) | 101/25 (24.8) | 16 | 18 | [27] | ||||
Brazil | PET | PCR (L1) | 79/0 (0) | [21] | ||||||
Argentina | FST | PCR (L1), RT-qPCR, SEQ | 61/16 (26.2) | 11 | 16 | [44] | ||||
Chile | PET | PCR (L1), RT-qPCR | 46/4 (8.7) | 16 | [39] | |||||
Mexico | PET | PCR (E1), SEQ | 67/3 (4.5) | 16 | 18 | 33 | [35] | |||
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1), SEQ | 51/15 (29.4) | 16 | 18 | [36] | ||||
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1), RT-qPCR | 70/17 (24.3) | 16 | 33 | [38] | ||||
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1), RT-qPCR | 20/8 (40) | 16 | 18 | [43] | ||||
Mexico | PET | PCR (L1), MA | 116/31 (26.7) | 42 | 31 | 59 | 58 | 44 | 51 | Present study |
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Maldonado-Rodríguez, E.; Hernández-Barrales, M.; Reyes-López, A.; Godina-González, S.; Gallegos-Flores, P.I.; Esparza-Ibarra, E.L.; González-Curiel, I.E.; Aguayo-Rojas, J.; López-Saucedo, A.; Mendoza-Almanza, G.; et al. Presence of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Malignant Neoplasia and Non-Malignant Breast Disease. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44, 3648-3665. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44080250
Maldonado-Rodríguez E, Hernández-Barrales M, Reyes-López A, Godina-González S, Gallegos-Flores PI, Esparza-Ibarra EL, González-Curiel IE, Aguayo-Rojas J, López-Saucedo A, Mendoza-Almanza G, et al. Presence of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Malignant Neoplasia and Non-Malignant Breast Disease. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2022; 44(8):3648-3665. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44080250
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaldonado-Rodríguez, Erika, Marisa Hernández-Barrales, Adrián Reyes-López, Susana Godina-González, Perla I. Gallegos-Flores, Edgar L. Esparza-Ibarra, Irma E. González-Curiel, Jesús Aguayo-Rojas, Adrián López-Saucedo, Gretel Mendoza-Almanza, and et al. 2022. "Presence of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Malignant Neoplasia and Non-Malignant Breast Disease" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 8: 3648-3665. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44080250