Protective Effect of Monoterpene Isoespintanol in a Rat Model of Prediabetes Induced by Fructose
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight, Food Intake, and Drink Intake
2.2. Serum Parameters
2.3. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IGTT)
2.4. Liver Parameters
2.4.1. Liver Glycogen Content, p-GSK3β Protein Levels, and Lipogenic Gene Expression
2.4.2. Oxidative Stress (GSH and 3′-Nitrotyrosine) and Inflammation Markers (TNF-α, PAI-1, and iNOS Gene Expression; COX-2 and iNOS Protein Expression)
2.4.3. Protein Levels of p-Akt and p-eNOS
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Drugs
4.2. Experimental Groups
4.3. Determination of Serum Parameters
4.4. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IGTT)
4.5. Determination of Liver Parameters
4.5.1. Glycogen Estimation
4.5.2. Estimation of Reduced Glutathione (GSH) Content
4.5.3. Protein Expression by Western Blot
4.5.4. Total RNA Isolation and Analysis of Gene Expression by Real-Time PCR (qPCR)
4.6. Statistical Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Plasma Parameters | C | F | FI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mg/dL) | 134.8 ± 5.8 | 133.6 ± 6.7 | 133.1 ± 4.4 | NS |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 96.3 ± 16.1 | 264.2 ± 21.2 * | 79.9 ± 9 # | *# p < 0.0001 |
Chol-HDL (mg/dL) | 50.3 ± 5.7 | 43.4 ± 4.8 | 52.1 ± 2.8 | NS |
IRX (TG/HDL) | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.8 * | 1.6 ± 0.3 # | *# p < 0.001 |
Cholesterol-Total (mg/dL) | 64.0 ± 5.4 | 78.0 ± 6.7 | 86.8 ± 6.4 | NS |
Cholesterol-NoHDL (mg/dL) | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 34.6 ± 2.7 * | 34.7 ± 6.0 | * p < 0.0001 |
Gene | GeneBank® | Sequences |
---|---|---|
SREBP-1c | XM_213329.6 | FW 5′-TTTCTTCGTGGATGGGGACT-3′ RV 5′-CTGTAGATATCCAAGAGCATC-3′ |
FAS | NM_017332.1 | FW 5′-GTCTGCAGCTACCCACCCGTG-3′ RV 5′-CTTCTCCAGGGTGGGGACCAG-3′ |
GPAT-1 | NM_017274.1 | FW 5′-GACGAAGCCTTCCGAAGGA-3′ RV 5′-GACGAAGCCTTCCGAAGGA-3′ |
PAI-1 | NM_012620.1 | FW 5′-CCACGGTGAAGCAGGTGGACT-3′ RV 5′-TGCTGGCCTCTAAGAAGGGG-3′ |
TNF-α | NM_012675.3 | FW 5′-GGCATGGATCTCAAAGACAACC-3′ RV 5′-CAAATCGGCTGACGGTGTG-3′ |
CPT1 | NM_031559.2 | FW: 5′ GGGCGGTACTTCAAGGTCTGG 3′ RV: 5′ GTCTGCCGACACTTTGCCCA 3′ |
eNOS | NM_021838.2 | FW: 5′ GCTGGGGGATCAGCAACGCT 3′ RV: 5′ GCGGGTCAAAGGACCAGGGC 3′ |
iNOS | NM_012611.3 | FW: 5′ GAAGCTCAGCCGCACCACCC 3′ RV: 5′ CAGGGCCGTCTGGTTGCCTG 3′ |
β-ACTIN | NM_031144.2 | FW 5′-AGAGGGAAATCGTGCGTGAC-3′ RV 5′-CGATAGTGATGACCTGACCGT-3′ |
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Di Sarli Gutiérrez, L.; Castro, M.C.; Farromeque Vásquez, S.; Villagarcía, H.G.; González Arbeláez, L.; Rojano, B.; Schinella, G.; Maiztegui, B.; Francini, F. Protective Effect of Monoterpene Isoespintanol in a Rat Model of Prediabetes Induced by Fructose. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010047
Di Sarli Gutiérrez L, Castro MC, Farromeque Vásquez S, Villagarcía HG, González Arbeláez L, Rojano B, Schinella G, Maiztegui B, Francini F. Protective Effect of Monoterpene Isoespintanol in a Rat Model of Prediabetes Induced by Fructose. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(1):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010047
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Sarli Gutiérrez, Luciana, María Cecilia Castro, Sherley Farromeque Vásquez, Hernán Gonzalo Villagarcía, Luisa González Arbeláez, Benjamín Rojano, Guillermo Schinella, Bárbara Maiztegui, and Flavio Francini. 2024. "Protective Effect of Monoterpene Isoespintanol in a Rat Model of Prediabetes Induced by Fructose" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 1: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010047