Farnesiferol C Exerts Antiproliferative Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells by Instigating ROS-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Far-C Exerted Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells
2.2. Far-C Induced Abruptions in Nuclear Morphology
2.3. Far-C Exposure Induced Apoptosis within Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells
2.4. Far-C Instigated Intracellular ROS and Dissipation of ΔΨm
2.5. Far-C Exposure Activated Caspase-3 and -9
2.6. Caspase Inhibitors Ameliorated Far-C-Instigated Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells
2.7. Far-C Treatment Modulated the Expression of Apoptotic and Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Maintenance
4.2. Cytotoxicity and Morphological Evaluations
4.3. Assessment of Nuclear Morphology
4.4. Evaluation of Intracellular ROS
4.5. Evaluation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm)
4.6. AO/EtBr Dual Staining
4.7. Estimation of Caspase Activity
4.8. Effect of Caspase Inhibitor
4.9. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Forward Sequence | Reverse Sequence |
---|---|---|
GAPDH | CGACCACTTTGTCAAGCTCA | CCCCTCTTCAAGGGGTCTAC |
Bax | GCTGGACATTGGACTTCCTC | CTCAGCCCATCTTCTTCCAG |
Bad | CCTCAGGCCTATGCAAAAAG | AAACCCAAAACTTCCGATGG |
Bcl2 | ATTGGGAAGTTTCAAATCAGC | TGCATTCTTGGACGAGGG |
cyclinD1 | CTTCCTCTCCAAAATGCCAG | AGAGATGGAAGGGGGAAAGA |
CDK4 | CCTGGCCAGAATCTACAGCTA | ACATCTCGAGGCCAGTCATC |
p21Cip1 | TGTCCGTCAGAACCCATG | GTGGGAAGGTAGAGCTTGG |
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Alafnan, A.; Alamri, A.; Alanazi, J.; Hussain, T. Farnesiferol C Exerts Antiproliferative Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells by Instigating ROS-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15091070
Alafnan A, Alamri A, Alanazi J, Hussain T. Farnesiferol C Exerts Antiproliferative Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells by Instigating ROS-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway. Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(9):1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15091070
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlafnan, Ahmed, Abdulwahab Alamri, Jowaher Alanazi, and Talib Hussain. 2022. "Farnesiferol C Exerts Antiproliferative Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells by Instigating ROS-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway" Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 9: 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15091070