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Volume 15
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10.3390/ph15040408
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Review

Thymoquinone: Review of Its Potential in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

by
Faheem Hyder Pottoo
1,*,
Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
2,*,
Ali Alammar
1,
Rida Alsinan
1,
Mahdi Aleid
1,
Ali Alshehhi
3,
Muruj Alshehri
1,
Supriya Mishra
4 and
Noora Alhajri
5
1
Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, College of Nursing, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
3
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
4
SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad 201204, UP, India
5
Department of Medicine, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040408
Submission received: 16 February 2022 / Revised: 18 March 2022 / Accepted: 23 March 2022 / Published: 27 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Topic Neuroprotection by Drugs, Nutraceuticals and Physical Activity)
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Abstract

Thymoquinone (TQ) possesses anticonvulsant, antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic properties. It could be utilized to treat drug misuse or dependence, and those with memory and cognitive impairment. TQ protects brain cells from oxidative stress, which is especially pronounced in memory-related regions. TQ exhibits antineurotoxin characteristics, implying its role in preventing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. TQ’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties protect brain cells from damage and inflammation. Glutamate can trigger cell death by causing mitochondrial malfunction and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reduction in ROS production can explain TQ effects in neuroinflammation. TQ can help prevent glutamate-induced apoptosis by suppressing mitochondrial malfunction. Several studies have demonstrated TQ’s role in inhibiting Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and some inflammatory mediators, leading to reduced inflammation and neurotoxicity. Several studies did not show any signs of dopaminergic neuron loss after TQ treatment in various animals. TQ has been shown in clinical studies to block acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which increases acetylcholine (ACh). As a result, fresh memories are programmed to preserve the effects. Treatment with TQ has been linked to better outcomes and decreased side effects than other drugs.
Keywords: thymoquinone; anti-inflammation; Alzheimer’s disease; neuroinflammation; Parkinson’s disease; epilepsy; mitochondrial dysfunction thymoquinone; anti-inflammation; Alzheimer’s disease; neuroinflammation; Parkinson’s disease; epilepsy; mitochondrial dysfunction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pottoo, F.H.; Ibrahim, A.M.; Alammar, A.; Alsinan, R.; Aleid, M.; Alshehhi, A.; Alshehri, M.; Mishra, S.; Alhajri, N. Thymoquinone: Review of Its Potential in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040408

AMA Style

Pottoo FH, Ibrahim AM, Alammar A, Alsinan R, Aleid M, Alshehhi A, Alshehri M, Mishra S, Alhajri N. Thymoquinone: Review of Its Potential in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(4):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040408

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim, Ali Alammar, Rida Alsinan, Mahdi Aleid, Ali Alshehhi, Muruj Alshehri, Supriya Mishra, and Noora Alhajri. 2022. "Thymoquinone: Review of Its Potential in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases" Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 4: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040408

APA Style

Pottoo, F. H., Ibrahim, A. M., Alammar, A., Alsinan, R., Aleid, M., Alshehhi, A., Alshehri, M., Mishra, S., & Alhajri, N. (2022). Thymoquinone: Review of Its Potential in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals, 15(4), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040408

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