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Volume 26
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10.3390/s26010280
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Laboratory Evaluation of ARMIE, a Portable SPS30-Based Low-Cost Sensor Node for PM2.5 Monitoring

by
Asbjørn Kloppenborg
1,*,
Louise B. Frederickson
2,
Rasmus Ø. Nielsen
1,3,
Clive E. Sabel
4,
Tue Skallgaard
1,
Jakob Löndahl
5,
Jose G. C. Laurent
6 and
Torben Sigsgaard
1
1
Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
2
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
3
Research Unit for General Practice in Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
4
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
5
Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
6
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010280 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 6 November 2025 / Revised: 18 December 2025 / Accepted: 23 December 2025 / Published: 2 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sensing)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Low-cost particulate matter sensors have enabled new opportunities for exposure monitoring but require evaluation before application in epidemiological studies. This study assessed the performance of the SPS30 sensor integrated into the ARMIE portable monitoring sensor-node under controlled laboratory conditions. Methods: Sensors were co-located with two comparison instruments—the optical DustTrak photometer and the combined Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS)—across multiple aerosol sources, including candle burning, cooking, cigarette smoke, and clean air, under both regular and high-humidity conditions. Calibration performance was evaluated using leave-one-sensor-out and leave-one-source-out approaches. Results: The ARMIE node demonstrated strong agreement with the DustTrak (r = 0.93–0.98) and maintained linear response characteristics across emission types. Calibration reduced mean errors and narrowed the limits of agreement. Agreement with the SMPS + APS was moderate (r = 0.74–0.94) and characterized by systematic underestimation at higher concentrations. Conclusions: Overall, the ARMIE node achieved high correlation with the DustTrak, demonstrating that low-cost optical sensors can reliably capture temporal variability in particle concentrations relative to mid-cost photometers.
Keywords: low-cost sensors; SPS30; PM2.5 monitoring; sensor calibration; performance evaluation; exposure assessment; environmental epidemiology low-cost sensors; SPS30; PM2.5 monitoring; sensor calibration; performance evaluation; exposure assessment; environmental epidemiology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kloppenborg, A.; Frederickson, L.B.; Nielsen, R.Ø.; Sabel, C.E.; Skallgaard, T.; Löndahl, J.; Laurent, J.G.C.; Sigsgaard, T. Laboratory Evaluation of ARMIE, a Portable SPS30-Based Low-Cost Sensor Node for PM2.5 Monitoring. Sensors 2026, 26, 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010280

AMA Style

Kloppenborg A, Frederickson LB, Nielsen RØ, Sabel CE, Skallgaard T, Löndahl J, Laurent JGC, Sigsgaard T. Laboratory Evaluation of ARMIE, a Portable SPS30-Based Low-Cost Sensor Node for PM2.5 Monitoring. Sensors. 2026; 26(1):280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010280

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kloppenborg, Asbjørn, Louise B. Frederickson, Rasmus Ø. Nielsen, Clive E. Sabel, Tue Skallgaard, Jakob Löndahl, Jose G. C. Laurent, and Torben Sigsgaard. 2026. "Laboratory Evaluation of ARMIE, a Portable SPS30-Based Low-Cost Sensor Node for PM2.5 Monitoring" Sensors 26, no. 1: 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010280

APA Style

Kloppenborg, A., Frederickson, L. B., Nielsen, R. Ø., Sabel, C. E., Skallgaard, T., Löndahl, J., Laurent, J. G. C., & Sigsgaard, T. (2026). Laboratory Evaluation of ARMIE, a Portable SPS30-Based Low-Cost Sensor Node for PM2.5 Monitoring. Sensors, 26(1), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010280

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