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Volume 25
Issue 24
10.3390/s25247576
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Application of the E-Nose as a Non-Destructive Technique in the Early Detection of Monilinia laxa on Plum (Prunus domestica L.)

by
Ana Martínez
1,2,
Alejandro Hernández
1,2,*,
Patricia Arroyo
3,
Jesús S. Lozano
2,3,
Alberto Martín
1,2 and
María de Guía Córdoba
1,2
1
Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
2
Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. de la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
3
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7576; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247576 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 28 October 2025 / Revised: 26 November 2025 / Accepted: 9 December 2025 / Published: 13 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Recognition in E-Nose System)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigated the ability of an electronic nose system (E-nose) to detect early signs of fungal contamination in the red plum variety ‘Black Splendor’. We focused on identifying changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that occur with decay. For this purpose, we compared two groups of plums: a control group (healthy plums) and a group inoculated with Monilinia laxa. VOCs from both groups were analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In parallel, E-nose signals were recorded at two key moments of fungal development: an early and an intermediate phase. The results revealed a strong correlation between E-nose signals and the aromatic profile characteristic of fungal contamination in plums. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models, developed from the E-nose data, achieved 100% differentiation between healthy and infected samples. Furthermore, these models discriminated with 100% accuracy between healthy plums and those with incipient contamination. These findings demonstrate that E-nose technology serves as a reliable, non-destructive approach for real-time assessment of plum quality throughout storage.
Keywords: E-nose; volatile profile; early decay; plum; Monilinia laxa E-nose; volatile profile; early decay; plum; Monilinia laxa

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MDPI and ACS Style

Martínez, A.; Hernández, A.; Arroyo, P.; Lozano, J.S.; Martín, A.; Córdoba, M.d.G. Application of the E-Nose as a Non-Destructive Technique in the Early Detection of Monilinia laxa on Plum (Prunus domestica L.). Sensors 2025, 25, 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247576

AMA Style

Martínez A, Hernández A, Arroyo P, Lozano JS, Martín A, Córdoba MdG. Application of the E-Nose as a Non-Destructive Technique in the Early Detection of Monilinia laxa on Plum (Prunus domestica L.). Sensors. 2025; 25(24):7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247576

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martínez, Ana, Alejandro Hernández, Patricia Arroyo, Jesús S. Lozano, Alberto Martín, and María de Guía Córdoba. 2025. "Application of the E-Nose as a Non-Destructive Technique in the Early Detection of Monilinia laxa on Plum (Prunus domestica L.)" Sensors 25, no. 24: 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247576

APA Style

Martínez, A., Hernández, A., Arroyo, P., Lozano, J. S., Martín, A., & Córdoba, M. d. G. (2025). Application of the E-Nose as a Non-Destructive Technique in the Early Detection of Monilinia laxa on Plum (Prunus domestica L.). Sensors, 25(24), 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247576

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