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Article

Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis

by
Abdulla Juwaied
*,
Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo
and
Michal Majchrowicz
Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 18, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4015; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 May 2025 / Revised: 25 June 2025 / Accepted: 25 June 2025 / Published: 27 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a component of various applications, including environmental monitoring and the Internet of Things (IoT). Energy efficiency is one of the significant issues in WSNs, since sensor nodes are usually battery-powered and have limited energy resources. The Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) protocol is one of the most common methods for improving energy efficiency and network lifespan by selecting cluster heads according to residual energy. Nevertheless, standard DEEC methods are limited in dynamic environments because of their fixed nature. This paper presents a novel modular implementation of the DEEC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, addressing the limitations of the standard DEEC in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. Unlike the typical DEEC protocol, the proposed approach incorporates realistic energy models, supports heterogeneous nodes, implements load balancing, and enables dynamic cluster head selection Numerical simulations in MATLAB® demonstrate that the improved DEEC protocol achieves a 133% longer stability period (first node death at 1166 rounds vs 472 rounds), nearly doubles the network lifetime (4000 rounds vs 2111 rounds), and significantly enhances energy efficiency compared to the standard DEEC. These results verify the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements, making the protocol a robust solution for modern WSN and IoT applications.
Keywords: wireless sensor networks; distributed energy-efficient clustering; sensor nodes; base station; energy wireless sensor networks; distributed energy-efficient clustering; sensor nodes; base station; energy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Juwaied, A.; Jackowska-Strumillo, L.; Majchrowicz, M. Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis. Sensors 2025, 25, 4015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015

AMA Style

Juwaied A, Jackowska-Strumillo L, Majchrowicz M. Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis. Sensors. 2025; 25(13):4015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juwaied, Abdulla, Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo, and Michal Majchrowicz. 2025. "Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis" Sensors 25, no. 13: 4015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015

APA Style

Juwaied, A., Jackowska-Strumillo, L., & Majchrowicz, M. (2025). Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis. Sensors, 25(13), 4015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015

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