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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis
by
Abdulla Juwaied
Abdulla Juwaied *
,
Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo
Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo
Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło is a professor at the Lodz University
of Technology (TUL), Poland, and [...]
Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło is a professor at the Lodz University
of Technology (TUL), Poland, and vice director for didactics at the Institute of
Applied Computer Science at TUL. She received her M.Sc., Ph.D., and DSc. degrees
in Electrical Engineering from TUL in 1986, 1994, and 2010, respectively. Since
1986, she has been working as a researcher and lecturer at TUL. In 1990/91, she
was with the Industrial Control Unit at the University of Strathclyde in
Scotland, where she worked on her PhD project in the field of electrical
measurement and control techniques.
Her research
interests concentrate on computer engineering, modelling and monitoring of
industrial objects and processes, industrial process tomography, computer image
processing, engineering applications of artificial intelligence, and intelligent
text processing. She is an author or co-author of more than 100 scientific
publications and one patent. She has promoted four doctors in technical
sciences. She was a principal and co-principal investigator in six research
projects, academic coordinator of two EU Erasmus Mundus projects, and a PhD
supervisor in the European TOMOCON project.
and
Michal Majchrowicz
Michal Majchrowicz
Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 18, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4015; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 May 2025
/
Revised: 25 June 2025
/
Accepted: 25 June 2025
/
Published: 27 June 2025
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a component of various applications, including environmental monitoring and the Internet of Things (IoT). Energy efficiency is one of the significant issues in WSNs, since sensor nodes are usually battery-powered and have limited energy resources. The Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) protocol is one of the most common methods for improving energy efficiency and network lifespan by selecting cluster heads according to residual energy. Nevertheless, standard DEEC methods are limited in dynamic environments because of their fixed nature. This paper presents a novel modular implementation of the DEEC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, addressing the limitations of the standard DEEC in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. Unlike the typical DEEC protocol, the proposed approach incorporates realistic energy models, supports heterogeneous nodes, implements load balancing, and enables dynamic cluster head selection Numerical simulations in MATLAB® demonstrate that the improved DEEC protocol achieves a 133% longer stability period (first node death at 1166 rounds vs 472 rounds), nearly doubles the network lifetime (4000 rounds vs 2111 rounds), and significantly enhances energy efficiency compared to the standard DEEC. These results verify the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements, making the protocol a robust solution for modern WSN and IoT applications.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Juwaied, A.; Jackowska-Strumillo, L.; Majchrowicz, M.
Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis. Sensors 2025, 25, 4015.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015
AMA Style
Juwaied A, Jackowska-Strumillo L, Majchrowicz M.
Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis. Sensors. 2025; 25(13):4015.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015
Chicago/Turabian Style
Juwaied, Abdulla, Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo, and Michal Majchrowicz.
2025. "Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis" Sensors 25, no. 13: 4015.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015
APA Style
Juwaied, A., Jackowska-Strumillo, L., & Majchrowicz, M.
(2025). Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Modular Implementation and Performance Analysis. Sensors, 25(13), 4015.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134015
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