Time Series Analysis of Muscle Deformation During Physiotherapy Using Optical Wearable Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Related Works
1.3. Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Equipment
- (A)
- Upper limb raising exercise:The starting position of the experiment was set with the elbow joint of the human model extended and in contact with the bed. The arrival position was set at the 90° shoulder joint of the human model. The end position of the movement was the same as the start position. The subject was instructed to grasp the following parts of the human model. The subject held the proximal shoulder joint of the human model with the left hand from the ventral side and the distal forearm with the right hand from the dorsal side. The subjects were instructed to position their lower limb for the task so that they were comfortable.
- (B)
- Lower limb flexion exercise:The experiment’s starting position was where the lower limb of the human model was in contact with the bed in an extended position. The position reached was 90° hip flexion. The end position was set to the same as the start position. The part of the human body model to be grasped by the subject was specified as follows. The subject grasped the thigh of the human model with the left hand from the dorsal side and the distal shank with the right hand from the ventral side. The position of the subject’s lower limb remained the same as in the upper limb raising exercise. One experimenter experimented on this.In this study, an OMG sensor, the muscle deformation sensor array FirstVR (H2L Inc., Tokyo, Japan), shown in Figure 3 [30], was used. The muscle deformation sensor array contains 14 optical muscle deformation sensors. It can optically measure muscle bulge (muscle deformation) and estimate intrinsic sensation. The device is also equipped with a gyro sensor and a 3-axis acceleration sensor, making it possible to acquire quaternion data (posture data of the part of the body wearing the device). The device can be worn by wrapping it around the forearm like a wristwatch to measure muscle deformation in the forearm and fingers [31]. It can also be worn on the lower leg to measure the deformation of the lower leg muscles [32] or placed on the neck to measure the neck muscles [33]. The readings were transmitted from FirstVR to the PC via Bluetooth Low Energy. The sampling frequency for the data recording was approximately 50 Hz.
2.3. Analysis Method
2.3.1. Data Pretreatment
2.3.2. Analysis Method
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Time Series of Muscle Deformation Data
3.2. Covariate-Adjusted Group Comparison (ANCOVA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Novice (n = 10) | Expert (n = 10) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | (years old) | 19 ± 2.2 | 39.2 ± 5.2 | 0.0001 | |
Sex | (male/female) | 7/3 | 9/1 | 0.5820 | |
Height | (cm) | 163.3 ± 9.5 | 167.6 ± 6.5 | 0.2564 | |
Body weight | (kg) | 57.5 ± 9.2 | 67.2 ± 12.8 | 0.0680 | |
Experience | (years) | 15.3 ± 3.7 |
Novice (n = 10) | Expert (n = 10) | F | Partial | 95% CI (Lower–Upper) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ULR-ex | Left | EX | 0.39 ± 0.2 | 0.39 ± 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.00 | −0.71–0.65 |
FL | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 0.12 | 0.74 | 0.04 | −0.30–0.62 | ||
Right | EX | 0.40 ± 0.2 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 0.20 | 0.66 | 0.04 | −0.56–0.34 | |
FL | 0.32 ± 0.1 | 0.42 ± 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.18 | −0.82–0.67 | ||
LLF-ex | Left | EX | 0.39 ± 0.2 | 0.41 ± 0.1 | 0.80 | 0.39 | 0.00 | −0.27–0.72 |
FL | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 0.34 ± 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.06 | −0.55–0.56 | ||
Right | EX | 0.33 ± 0.2 | 0.45 ± 0.1 | 2.89 | 0.11 | 0.18 | −0.09–0.87 | |
FL | 0.41 ± 0.2 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.04 | −0.22–0.70 |
Novice (n = 10) | Expert (n = 10) | F | Partial | 95% CI (Lower–Upper) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ULR-ex | Left | 0.16 ± 0.6 | −0.27 ± 0.5 | 1.84 | 0.20 | 0.26 | −1.75–0.58 |
Right | 0.26 ± 0.5 | −0.41 ± 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.45 | −1.75–1.09 | |
LLF-ex | Left | 0.23 ± 0.6 | −0.21 ± 0.5 | 1.52 | 0.24 | 0.19 | −2.54–0.95 |
Right | 0.15 ± 0.7 | −0.23 ± 0.5 | 1.11 | 0.31 | 0.12 | −2.74–0.91 |
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Shimabukuro, S.; Miyake, T.; Tamaki, E. Time Series Analysis of Muscle Deformation During Physiotherapy Using Optical Wearable Sensors. Sensors 2025, 25, 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113507
Shimabukuro S, Miyake T, Tamaki E. Time Series Analysis of Muscle Deformation During Physiotherapy Using Optical Wearable Sensors. Sensors. 2025; 25(11):3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113507
Chicago/Turabian StyleShimabukuro, Satoshi, Tamon Miyake, and Emi Tamaki. 2025. "Time Series Analysis of Muscle Deformation During Physiotherapy Using Optical Wearable Sensors" Sensors 25, no. 11: 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113507
APA StyleShimabukuro, S., Miyake, T., & Tamaki, E. (2025). Time Series Analysis of Muscle Deformation During Physiotherapy Using Optical Wearable Sensors. Sensors, 25(11), 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113507