Design of a Self-Measuring Device Based on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Regular Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research
2.1.1. Desk Research
2.1.2. User Research
- First, there are intervals between hospital visits; during that period, they were unable to self-identify and define their disease activity.
- Second, to make it even worse, the areas of pain and symptoms were inconsistent and had changed.
- Third, even on the day of visiting the hospital, they lack quality and amount of communication with the doctor so that their condition can be assessed accurately.
2.1.3. User Requirements
2.2. Design
2.2.1. Sensor Technology
2.2.2. Prototype Design
- Dimensions of hand insertion: The frame was designed to align with the average hand size of Korean women in their 50s, the age group with the highest incidence of RA, considering potential variations.
- Electrode-placement method: Thirty electrodes were positioned to enable the microcurrent to flow through the inflamed area.
- Protrusion of the electrode parts: The height of the hand frame portion near the electrodes was increased to enhance the adhesion between the electrodes and the hand.
- Hand-fixation method: An air cushion was used to ensure the stability of measurements by applying consistent pressure to the hand.
- Vertical insertion method for the hand: Because the device was designed for home use, we opted for a vertical insertion method to minimize volume.
2.2.3. UX/UI Design
3. Validation and Results
3.1. Technology Validation
- Remove the initial transient state of 5 s.
- Define 3.125 s of a continuous data bundle as a “Window”.
- In each Window, bioimpedance outliers are preprocessed. The data determined as outliers are replaced with the mean value of the corresponding Window.
- Define “subWindow” where the Window is divided into 10 sections. That is, each Window includes 10 subWindows.
- The steady state is identified when the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the mean subWindow values (n = 10) in the Window is less than 2 Ω.
- The convergence value is determined as the mean value of the mean subWindow values (n = 10).
3.2. Usability Evaluation
- What aspects do you consider crucial in the treatment of chronic diseases?
- To what extent do patients find it challenging to describe their condition during medical appointments?
- How much do you incorporate or reflect on these responses in your medical assessments?
3.3. Final Design
- Step 1: Touch the screen to start.
- Step 2: Put one hand in the hand-insertion section.
- Step 3: Stay still until the air is injected.
- Step 4: Wait until the measurement is finished.
- Step 5: Repeat from Step 2 to Step 4 with the other hand.
- Step 6: Check out the result on the small display of the device.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Sex | Age Group | Period of Managing RA |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Female | 40–49 | 2 years |
2 | Female | 30–39 | 2 years |
3 | Female | 60–69 | 20 years |
4 | Female | 40–49 | 3 months |
5 | Female | 40–49 | 10 months |
6 | Female | 40–49 | 2 years |
7 | Female | 40–49 | 3 months |
Category | No | Question | |
---|---|---|---|
Usefulness of the overall system | U-1 | The lack of information on the patient’s disease activity during the interval between the hospital visits makes the treatment difficult. | |
U-2 | The patient’s statements about their disease are reliable. | ||
U-3 | Unclear statements about their symptoms and pain make it difficult to treat. | ||
U-4 | It is helpful for a rheumatologist to diagnose when patients know their disease activity. | ||
U-5 | It is helpful for a patient to know his/her disease activity. | ||
U-6 | Patients’ data on their disease activity, accumulated during the intervals between their visits, will be used for the diagnosis. | ||
U-7 | Patients’ data on their disease activity, available on the mobile app, will be used for better self-care of the patient’s health. | ||
Perception about the air cushion | P-1 | The air-pressure method was suitable for fixing the hand inside during the measurement process. | |
P-2 | The air pressure level was appropriate for fixing the hand. | ||
P-3 | During the measurement, there was no feeling of discomfort caused by the air pressure. | ||
P-4 | During the measurement, there was a feeling of close touch of my hand to the electrodes. | ||
P-5 | During the measurement, there was no feeling of frustration due to the lack of visibility of the positions to be measured on my hand inside. | ||
P-6 | When the measurement was completed, there was no feeling of discomfort caused by the air pressure. | ||
Visibility of the system status | V-1 | It was easy to figure out the stages of progress (preparation, measuring, and completed). | |
V-2 | It was cumbersome to press the button to move to the next step. | ||
V-3 | The message written on the LED screen (Put your right hand in and press the button) was clear. | ||
V-4 | The message written on the LED screen (Put your left hand in and press the button) was clear. | ||
V-5 | The message written on the LED screen (Please check on the mobile application for more information) was clear. | ||
Consistency and standards | C-1 | It was not confusing to measure one hand followed by the other (not both hands simultaneously). | |
C-2 | Using one button for dual function (power on and off and start the measurement) was not a problem. | ||
C-3 | The information shown on the screen of the mobile application regarding daily results was understandable. | ||
C-4 | The information shown on the screen of the mobile application regarding weekly results was understandable. | ||
C-5 | The information shown on the screen of the mobile application regarding monthly results was understandable. | ||
C-6 | The information shown on the screen of the mobile application regarding weekly checks was understandable. | ||
C-7 | The information shown on the screen of the mobile application regarding right-hand data was understandable. | ||
C-8 | The resulting value on the display was understandable. | ||
C-9 | It is easy to use intuitively and does not need any manual. | ||
Aesthetics and minimal design | A-1 | The design can be well harmonized at home. | |
A-2 | The size of the product is suitable. | ||
A-3 | The design well supports the physical measurement. |
No | Job Title | Organization | Years of Expertise |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nurse | Severance Hospital | 7 years |
2 | Nurse | Samsung Medical Center | 10 years |
3 | Nurse | Samsung Medical Center | 21 years |
4 | Nurse | Samsung Medical Center | 28 years |
5 | Medical doctor (Rheumatology and Immunology) | Chung-Ang University Hospital | 10 years |
6 | User researcher (Usability) | Embrain (a Macromill group) | 25 Years |
Category | Mean | SD | Usability Issues |
---|---|---|---|
Usefulness of the overall system | 4.33 | 0.606 | Measuring and accumulating a patient’s disease activity during the intervals between hospital visits will certainly help doctors diagnose and patients manage the disease. It is effective to communicate this through the mobile app. |
Perception about the air cushion | 4.03 | 1.028 | Fixing hands using air pressure is effective and convenient for users. In particular, the advantage is that it is fixed at the same pressure for each measurement. However, the palm and thumb felt less secure than other fingers. |
Visibility of the system status | 4.60 | 0.637 | All the instructions displayed on the device display were well-visible and understandable. |
Consistency and standards | 4.10 | 1.067 | The device’s design and usage are intuitive and easy to understand. However, some users could find it difficult to understand the value because it shows the bioimpedance value as a disease activity. |
Aesthetics and minimal design | 4.33 | 0.686 | The device is aesthetically designed to be suitable for home medical devices. There was an opinion that it would be better if it was a more portable design. |
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Jeong, J.; Park, Y.S.; Lee, E.; Choi, S.; Lim, D.; Kim, J. Design of a Self-Measuring Device Based on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Regular Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sensors 2024, 24, 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082526
Jeong J, Park YS, Lee E, Choi S, Lim D, Kim J. Design of a Self-Measuring Device Based on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Regular Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sensors. 2024; 24(8):2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082526
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, JuYoung, Yun Soo Park, Eunchae Lee, SeoYoun Choi, Dokshin Lim, and Jiho Kim. 2024. "Design of a Self-Measuring Device Based on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Regular Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis" Sensors 24, no. 8: 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082526
APA StyleJeong, J., Park, Y. S., Lee, E., Choi, S., Lim, D., & Kim, J. (2024). Design of a Self-Measuring Device Based on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Regular Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sensors, 24(8), 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082526