Exploiting Traffic Light Coordination and Auctions for Intersection and Emergency Vehicle Management in a Smart City Mixed Scenario
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Traffic Lights and Intersection Management
2.2. Emergency Vehicle Management
3. Proposed Traffic Light Coordination System
3.1. City Infrastructure
3.2. Traffic Light Auctions
- Connected vehicles approaching a traffic light send their bid to the traffic light controller along with the complete route to their destination. The controller collects the information and sends it to the central server.
- For each such vehicle, the server saves the following information: (i) the next (up to) p traffic lights on the vehicle’s route; (ii) the current link the vehicle is in; and (iii) the bid placed at the current traffic light (as in Algorithm 1).
- Non-connected vehicles are not able to communicate any of this information to the traffic light controller; therefore, the traffic light controller communicates to the server the number of non-connected vehicles approaching its intersection. For each one, the server makes a random guess about its next lane and next traffic light. This guess is limited to only the next traffic light, as guessing the successive steps can lead to completely wrong conclusions about the vehicles’ routes. The choice is made by selecting the next link that has been selected by the majority of past vehicles.
- When requested by a traffic light, the server then sends the (scaled) bids of the vehicles that are estimated to be at its intersection within a given time lap (as in Algorithm 2). This is estimated using the obtained information about the positions of the vehicles. The time lap is computed as the time needed to reach the traffic light from the vehicle’s current position traveling at the relevant speed limit. For non-connected vehicles, as the route is not known, the bid is propagated only to the next traffic light.
Algorithm 1 Central server callback when bids are sent by traffic lights | ||
Input | ||
: Vehicles Bids (with the lane and route) | ||
: number of non connected vehicles in the lanes | ||
: time of the call | ||
Variables | ||
: mapping of traffic lights and bid to propagate | ||
: statistics used to sample the next traffic lights for non connected vehicles | ||
: max propagation | ||
1: | for each in do | ▹ bids of connected vehicles |
2: | ||
3: | for each in do | |
4: | if has no traffic lights then | |
5: | continue | |
6: | end if | |
7: | if p == then | |
8: | break | |
9: | end if | |
10: | ||
11: | ||
12: | ||
13: | ||
14: | ||
15: | if p == 1 then | |
16: | ||
17: | end if | |
18: | ||
19: | end for | |
20: | end for | |
21: | for each in do | |
22: | ||
23: | ||
24: | ||
25: | ||
26: | ||
27: | end for |
- The bids coming from vehicles in the lanes (including non connected vehicles default bids) are summed lane-by-lane. The starvation bid is added to lanes that have not had a green light for a long period of time.
- The controller contacts the central server to retrieve the propagation of the bids placed at previous intersections (if any), then sums them lane-by-lane.
- The bids are computed lane-by-lane following steps (1) and (2).
- The green light is set to the lane with the highest total bid.
Algorithm 2 Central server callback on propagation bid request by traffic lights | |
Input | |
: the lanes that the requesting traffic light manages | |
: time of the call | |
Variables | |
: mapping of traffic lights and bid to propagate | |
: time threshold to consider a vehicle incoming | |
1: | for each in do |
2: | for each in do |
3: | if then |
4: | |
5: | end if |
6: | end for |
7: | end for |
8: | return |
Algorithm 3 Traffic light controller auction algorithm | ||
Input | ||
: Vehicles Bids (with the lane and route) | ||
: Vehicles Propagated Bids (with the lane) | ||
: number of non connected vehicles in the lanes | ||
Variables | ||
: mapping of lanes and cumulative bids | ||
: mapping of lanes and connected vehicles in the lane | ||
: the actual time | ||
: mapping of lanes and the last time in which they had the green light | ||
: time that must be elapsed to add the starvation bonus | ||
: starvation bonus | ||
Output | ||
The winning lane | ||
1: | for each in do | ▹ bids of connected vehicles |
2: | ||
3: | ||
4: | end for | |
5: | for each in do | ▹ default bids of non connected vehicles |
6: | ||
7: | ||
8: | end for | |
9: | for each in do | ▹ starvation |
10: | if then | |
11: | ||
12: | end if | |
13: | end for | |
14: | for each in do | ▹ propagated bids |
15: | ||
16: | end for | |
17: | send and (with calculated default bid for each lane) to the central server for propagation | |
18: | ||
19: | ||
20: | return |
4. Experiments and Results
4.1. Experimental Setup
4.2. Experiments
- The Fixed Time Controller (FTC) system simulates the classic round robin-like behavior of traffic light [18]).
- The Basic System is an auction-based system with no coordination among traffic lights. The traffic light controller determines the winning lane of the auction using only the bids of incoming vehicles (i.e., it performs only steps (1) and (4) of the coordinated system.)
- The Coordinated System—Prop is a nondeterministic version of the proposed coordinated system. Guessing as to the direction of non-connected vehicles is conducted by selecting each outgoing link of an intersection with a probability that is proportional to the number of vehicles that selected the link in the past. This means that the link with heavier traffic has a higher probability of being selected as the next one for non-connected vehicles.
- Time to Cross: The time a vehicle spends during its route waiting in line to move through an intersection regulated by a traffic light. This is influenced by traffic and by the number of red lights encountered during the route, with the smallest number being the best. We report this measure for both the Manhattan and MASA maps. We highlight the outliers in the reported plots, as they are the most interesting part.
- Green Traffic Lights Percentage: The percentage of green traffic lights (i.e., no waiting) with respect to the total number of traffic lights encountered along the route. In this case, the largest number is the best. We report this measure for both the Manhattan and MASA maps. For readability, our plots do not report results for the FTC system, as this percentage is always much smaller than the same value for the other systems and in a large majority of cases it is zero.
- Trip Time Slowdown: The total time traveled by a vehicle from departure to destination divided by the time needed to travel the same route without traffic and with all green lights. This is a measure of how much the introduction of traffic lights and the presence of traffic affects the time to destination. It is directly influenced by traffic and the number of encountered traffic lights, and indirectly by the length of the route (the longer the higher the route, the higher the probability of spending time in traffic). The value is always at least one, and the smallest number is the best. We report this measure for both the Manhattan and MASA maps.
4.3. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Muzzini, F.; Montangero, M. Exploiting Traffic Light Coordination and Auctions for Intersection and Emergency Vehicle Management in a Smart City Mixed Scenario. Sensors 2024, 24, 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072036
Muzzini F, Montangero M. Exploiting Traffic Light Coordination and Auctions for Intersection and Emergency Vehicle Management in a Smart City Mixed Scenario. Sensors. 2024; 24(7):2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072036
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuzzini, Filippo, and Manuela Montangero. 2024. "Exploiting Traffic Light Coordination and Auctions for Intersection and Emergency Vehicle Management in a Smart City Mixed Scenario" Sensors 24, no. 7: 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072036
APA StyleMuzzini, F., & Montangero, M. (2024). Exploiting Traffic Light Coordination and Auctions for Intersection and Emergency Vehicle Management in a Smart City Mixed Scenario. Sensors, 24(7), 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072036