Stepping Forward: A Scoping Systematic Literature Review on the Health Outcomes of Smart Sensor Technologies for Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Review Question and Objectives
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
- Primary research studies (e.g., pilot, RCTs, etc.);
- Full-text research articles;
- English-language publications;
- Studies conducted with adult (>18) patients with diabetes and DFU with a history of neuropathy/foot ulcerations;
- Studies reporting the use of sensor health technologies, such as smart insoles;
- Studies reporting patients’ health outcomes after using the suggested technology (e.g., smart insoles).
- Non-primary studies, including systematic reviews;
- Opinion articles, editorials, and book chapters;
- Non-English-language publications;
- Studies with non-adult (<18) diabetic patients;
- Studies reporting the use of clinician-, caregiver-based smart insoles;
- Studies solely exploring technological advances of a developed smart solution;
- Studies exploring smart insoles for other purposes and not diabetic foot (e.g., gait);
- Studies exploring other health-related factors related to diabetes (e.g., glucose);
- Other medical conditions not related to diabetes (e.g., foot wounds due to other syndromes);
- Technologies using only smartphones/apps for detecting foot ulcers or telemedicine using advocacy;
- Testing of tests and devices available on the market but not technological ones (e.g., Neuropad);
- Studies reporting clinicians’/caregivers’ perceptions on the use of the suggested technologies.
2.4. Selection Procedure
2.5. Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Description of Included Studies
Author(s), Year | Study Design | Study Population and Size | Technology | Intervention | Health Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[33] | RCT | N = 50 DFU | Smart insoles (removable cast walker (RCW)) and an “instant” total contact cast (iTCC) |
|
|
[29] | Cross-sectional study | N = 23 DPU with neuropathy | Smart Insole Sensor |
|
|
[28] | Prospective cohort study | N = 17 DFU with neuropathy | Smart Insole Sensors and Actuators (SurroSense Rx by Orpyx Medical Technologies Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada) |
|
|
[34] | Prospective, multicenter, cohort study | N = 132 DFU | Smart mat (podimetrics mat) |
|
|
[36] | Pilot study | N = 33 DFU with neuropathy | Smart insole-socks (SmartSox, Rochester, NY, USA) |
|
|
[30] | Case study | N = 1 DFU and severe peripheral neuropathy | Smart insole system | One month monitoring |
|
[27] | Mixed method (Prospective, RCT proof-of-concept) | N = 90 with diabetes | Smart insole, sensors, and smartwatches |
|
|
[35] | Cohort study | N = 129 with diabetes and previously healed DFU | Smart mat (Podimetrics RTM System by Podimetrics Inc., Somerville, MA, USA) | Once-daily foot temperature monitoring for predicting foot ulceration for 34 weeks |
|
[26] | Longitudinal RCT study | N = 46 DFU | Smart insole, sensors, and smartwatches |
|
|
[31] | Mixed-methods intervention | N = 10 with diabetes and related peripheral neuropathy | Health coaching training and smart insole sensors and actuators (SurroSense Rx by Orpyx Medical Technologies Inc.) | A 4-week explanatory sequential mixed-methods intervention |
|
[32] | Cross-sectional study | N = 6 (5 DFU and 1 healthy participant) | Smart insoles | Laboratory evaluation performs level walking along a 28 m corridor at a self-selected speed |
|
3.3. Description of Identified Digital Health Technologies
3.3.1. Intelligent Insole Systems: Continuous Monitoring and Feedback
3.3.2. Remote Foot-Temperature Monitoring
3.3.3. Health Coaching and Wearables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Diabetic patients/Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs)/Neuropathy | Smart insoles/footwear/Smart sensor technologies | Different groups of patients/healthy, technology, type of studies | Monitoring/prevention/care/adherence |
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Lazarou, I.; Fiska, V.; Mpaltadoros, L.; Tsaopoulos, D.; Stavropoulos, T.G.; Nikolopoulos, S.; Dafoulas, G.E.; Dailiana, Z.; Bargiota, A.; Kompatsiaris, I. Stepping Forward: A Scoping Systematic Literature Review on the Health Outcomes of Smart Sensor Technologies for Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Sensors 2024, 24, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062009
Lazarou I, Fiska V, Mpaltadoros L, Tsaopoulos D, Stavropoulos TG, Nikolopoulos S, Dafoulas GE, Dailiana Z, Bargiota A, Kompatsiaris I. Stepping Forward: A Scoping Systematic Literature Review on the Health Outcomes of Smart Sensor Technologies for Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Sensors. 2024; 24(6):2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062009
Chicago/Turabian StyleLazarou, Ioulietta, Vasiliki Fiska, Lampros Mpaltadoros, Dimitris Tsaopoulos, Thanos G. Stavropoulos, Spiros Nikolopoulos, George E. Dafoulas, Zoe Dailiana, Alexandra Bargiota, and Ioannis Kompatsiaris. 2024. "Stepping Forward: A Scoping Systematic Literature Review on the Health Outcomes of Smart Sensor Technologies for Diabetic Foot Ulcers" Sensors 24, no. 6: 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062009
APA StyleLazarou, I., Fiska, V., Mpaltadoros, L., Tsaopoulos, D., Stavropoulos, T. G., Nikolopoulos, S., Dafoulas, G. E., Dailiana, Z., Bargiota, A., & Kompatsiaris, I. (2024). Stepping Forward: A Scoping Systematic Literature Review on the Health Outcomes of Smart Sensor Technologies for Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Sensors, 24(6), 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062009