Myoelectric, Myo-Oxygenation, and Myotonometry Changes during Robot-Assisted Bilateral Arm Exercises with Varying Resistances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experiment Protocol
- (1)
- Warm-up: A 2-min warm-up involving wrist movements was conducted. During the warm-up, the active power was set at 20, while inward and outward power were both set to 0.
- (2)
- Pretest: A pretest was conducted 2 min later, during which the participant performed ten wrist movements with the same resistance settings as used in the exercise mode. This pretest was followed by myotonometry measurements. The combined duration of the pretest and the subsequent resting period was 5 min.
- (3)
- Exercise: Subsequently, the participant engaged in wrist movements for a duration of 20 min in the low-resistance mode or for 10 min in the high-resistance mode. To regulate movement speed, a series of 1.2 s beep sounds were employed as guidance. Following the exercise, myotonometry measurements were taken once more.
- (4)
- Post-tests: Following a 5-min rest, each participant underwent a post-test employing the same procedure as the pretest, which included 10 repetitions of wrist movements followed by myotonometry. After an additional 5-min rest period, the second post-test was conducted.
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Myotonometry
2.5. Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion
2.6. Electromyographic Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impacts of Varying-Resistance Exercises on Myotonometry and Muscular Oxygenation
3.2. EMG Median Frequency, Heart Rate, and Borg RPE throughout the Exercise Period
4. Discussion
- During high-resistance exercises, both the Borg RPE and heart rate were higher compared to low-resistance exercises, indicating an elevated sense of exertion and increased sympathetic activation, respectively.
- High-resistance exercise resulted in a more pronounced decrease in EMGs’ MF, indicating greater muscle fatigue compared to low-resistance exercise.
- High-resistance exercise required heightened oxygen delivery to the working muscles, as indicated by elevated relative concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin compared to low-resistance exercise. This suggests an increased metabolic demand during such activities.
- Low-resistance exercise resulted in decreased muscle stiffness and enhanced elasticity both immediately after exercise and during post-tests, as compared to the pretest. This implies that engaging in light exercise could be advantageous for promoting muscle relaxation and flexibility.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pretest | SAE | Post-Test1 | Post-Test2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High resistance | |||||
Left extensor | |||||
Frequency, Hz | 24.4 ± 2.6 | 23.7 ± 2.9 | 23.8 ± 1.7 | 23.6 ± 2.4 | 0.681 |
Decrement | 1.41 ± 0.35 | 1.32 ± 0.29 | 1.40 ± 0.27 | 1.37 ± 0.33 | 0.619 |
Stiffness N/m | 487.6 ± 45.5 | 475.5 ± 70.3 | 472.9 ± 34.2 | 477.6 ± 47.2 | 0.727 |
Left flexor | |||||
Frequency, Hz | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.1 ± 3.5 | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 23.5 ± 2.4 | 0.741 |
Decrement | 1.96 ± 0.45 | 1.88 ± 0.33 | 1.95 ± 0.47 | 1.82 ± 0.41 | 0.188 |
Stiffness N/m | 444.0 ± 33.1 | 446.0 ± 39.5 | 447.2 ± 39.2 | 451.7 ± 38.7 | 0.754 |
Low resistance | |||||
Left extensor | |||||
Frequency, Hz | 23.8 ± 2.2 | 22.9 ± 3.3 | 22.5 ± 2.1 | 22.7 ± 2.7 | 0.214 |
Decrement | 1.30 ± 0.21 | 1.26 ± 0.22 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.30 ± 0.23 | 0.747 |
Stiffness N/m | 483.1 ± 52.5 | 428.9 ± 68.3 † | 440.7 ± 64.4 † | 433.1 ± 58.2 † | 0.000 |
Left flexor | |||||
Frequency, Hz | 23.3 ± 3.2 | 21.9 ± 2.3 † | 21.4 ± 2.2 † | 22.3 ± 2.5 | 0.020 |
Decrement | 1.85 ± 0.42 | 1.70 ± 0.44 | 1.62 ± 0.24 † | 1.64 ± 0.30 † | 0.020 |
Stiffness N/m | 450.7 ± 53.1 | 422.5 ± 40.6 † | 420.6 ± 49.3 † | 434.5 ± 57.5 | 0.015 |
Pretest | SAE | Post-Test1 | Post-Test2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High resistance | |||||
Left extensor | |||||
StO2, % | 68.4 ± 3.0 | 71.1 ± 4.4 † | 70.7 ± 3.7 † | 70.2 ± 4.1 † | 0.001 |
HbO2, μM | 8.58 ± 7.61 | 22.17 ± 12.26 † | 21.20 ± 11.68 † | 18.68 ± 9.71 † | 0.000 |
HHb, μM | 2.66 ± 2.66 | 3.44 ± 6.52 | 4.18 ± 8.15 | 3.04 ± 6.75 | 0.597 |
Left flexor | |||||
StO2, % | 67.5 ± 6.0 | 73.6 ± 6.5 † | 71.0 ± 7.3 † | 70.7 ± 5.8 †* | 0.000 |
HbO2, Μm | 11.83 ± 8.81 | 29.78 ± 11.31 † | 22.71 ± 8.49 †* | 21.16 ± 7.57 †* | 0.000 |
HHb, μM | 0.62 ± 5.00 | −2.35 ± 5.14 | −2.32 ± 6.18 | −1.93 ± 5.66 | 0.073 |
Low resistance | |||||
Left extensor | |||||
StO2, % | 68.1 ± 2.4 | 70.0 ± 3.9 † | 70.8 ± 3.8 † | 71.0 ± 4.3 † | 0.000 |
HbO2, μM | 4.19 ± 6.71 | 18.48 ± 6.88 † | 18.11 ± 6.97 † | 17.67 ± 7.62 † | 0.000 |
HHb, μM | 1.45 ± 3.80 | 2.84 ± 5.73 | 1.86 ± 4.81 | 0.60 ± 4.83 | 0.318 |
Left flexor | |||||
StO2, % | 63.9 ± 6.4 | 65.6 ± 6.2 | 65.5 ± 7.3 | 66.9 ± 6.2 | 0.193 |
HbO2, μM | 5.87 ± 6.65 | 21.95 ± 9.98 † | 19.93 ± 8.29 † | 18.66 ± 6.76 † | 0.000 |
HHb, μM | 1.18 ± 4.53 | 1.70 ± 5.81 | −0.51 ± 5.48 | −2.56 ± 5.78 † | 0.026 |
Early (2nd–4th min) | Middle (5th–7th min) | Late (8th–10th min) | |
---|---|---|---|
Borg RPE | |||
High resistance | 15.6 ± 1.9 † | 17.6 ± 1.8 † | 18.1 ± 1.4 † |
Low resistance | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 15.0 ± 2.3 | 16.4 ± 2.2 |
Mean heart rate, BPM | |||
High resistance | 96.8 ± 18.3 † | 98.6 ± 20.0 † | 100.1 ± 22.5 † |
Low resistance | 90.8 ± 16.0 | 93.0 ± 17.3 | 95.1 ± 17.1 |
FPM | |||
Right extensor | |||
High resistance | 0.75 ± 0.20 † | 0.83 ± 0.18 † | 0.86 ± 0.19 † |
Low resistance | 0.55 ± 0.30 | 0.59 ± 0.34 | 0.63 ± 0.34 |
Right flexor | |||
High resistance | 0.74 ± 0.19 † | 0.80 ± 0.21 † | 0.81 ± 0.23 † |
Low resistance | 0.60 ± 0.22 | 0.69 ± 0.24 | 0.72 ± 0.22 |
Slope5 | Slope10 | |
---|---|---|
Right extensor | ||
High resistance | −96.5 ± 82.9 † | −23.5 ± 32.1 |
Low resistance | −20.3 ± 72.2 | −15.8 ± 22.8 |
Right flexor | ||
High resistance | −46.6 ± 45.9 | −13.1 ± 19.9 |
Low resistance | −28.2 ± 40.4 | −13.1 ± 17.6 |
Early (2nd–4th min) | Middle (5th–7th min) | Late (8th–10th min) | |
---|---|---|---|
StO2, % | |||
Left extensor | |||
High resistance | 62.8 ± 4.3 | 63.4 ± 3.9 | 64.1 ± 3.9 |
Low resistance | 62.4 ± 5.1 | 63.5 ± 4.4 | 63.6 ± 5.7 |
Left flexor | |||
High resistance | 51.1 ± 6.8 | 54.3 ± 6.8 | 55.4 ± 6.9 |
Low resistance | 52.3 ± 8.7 | 52.4 ± 9.1 | 53.1 ± 8.9 |
HbO2, μM | |||
Left extensor | |||
High resistance | 1.8 ± 7.5 | 3.8 ± 8.2 | 6.3 ± 8.1 |
Low resistance | 0.1 ± 10.3 | 2.4 ± 9.3 | 4.0 ± 9.8 |
Left flexor | |||
High resistance | −2.8 ± 9.1 | 3.4 ± 10.0 † | 6.6 ± 9.3 † |
Low resistance | −5.2 ± 11.2 | −2.8 ± 10.0 | −0.1 ± 10.4 |
HHb, μM | |||
Left extensor | |||
High resistance | 12.2 ± 7.1 | 14.5 ± 8.7 | 15.2 ± 10.0 |
Low resistance | 9.7 ± 6.8 | 10.6 ± 6.4 | 11.1 ± 6.7 |
Left flexor | |||
High resistance | 24.8 ± 12.9 † | 22.4 ± 13.8 † | 20.4 ± 13.2 |
Low resistance | 16.9 ± 13.0 | 17.8 ± 13.2 | 17.1 ± 12.6 |
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Chan, H.-L.; Meng, L.-F.; Kao, Y.-A.; Chang, Y.-J.; Chang, H.-W.; Chen, S.-W.; Wu, C.-Y. Myoelectric, Myo-Oxygenation, and Myotonometry Changes during Robot-Assisted Bilateral Arm Exercises with Varying Resistances. Sensors 2024, 24, 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041061
Chan H-L, Meng L-F, Kao Y-A, Chang Y-J, Chang H-W, Chen S-W, Wu C-Y. Myoelectric, Myo-Oxygenation, and Myotonometry Changes during Robot-Assisted Bilateral Arm Exercises with Varying Resistances. Sensors. 2024; 24(4):1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041061
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Hsiao-Lung, Ling-Fu Meng, Yung-An Kao, Ya-Ju Chang, Hao-Wei Chang, Szi-Wen Chen, and Ching-Yi Wu. 2024. "Myoelectric, Myo-Oxygenation, and Myotonometry Changes during Robot-Assisted Bilateral Arm Exercises with Varying Resistances" Sensors 24, no. 4: 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041061