Exploring Metaphorical Transformations of a Safety Boundary Wall in Virtual Reality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. The Importance of Bystander Awareness
2.2. Bystander Awareness Cues in Virtual Reality
2.3. Metaphors in VR Visual Cues
2.4. Safety Boundaries in Virtual Reality
3. User Study
4. Discussion
5. Future Work: Exploring a Design Space for Interactive Safety Boundary Walls
- Dimension 1: Interactions between VR users and bystanders. We categorize these interactions into three types: interruption, coexistence, and AR interaction. Interruption refers to instances where bystanders disrupt the user’s VR experience. Coexistence refers to scenarios where bystanders and VR users share the same physical space without interfering with each other’s activities. AR interaction refers to scenarios in which bystanders interact with VR users through the visualization of the VR users’ safety boundary walls using augmented reality technology.
- Dimension 2: Transformations of the safety boundary wall. We mainly classify transformations of the safety boundary wall into three types: rigid (e.g., translation, rotation, etc.), non-rigid (e.g., fragmentation, height changes, etc.), and texture changes (e.g., color, material, etc.).
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Data | 1 Halo | 2 Radar | 3 BrokenWall | Non-Parametric Friedman Test | Post–hoc:Wilcoxon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naturalness | 4.9 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | (2) = 21.0 | 1-2, 1-3, 2-3 |
Understandability | 5.1 (1.7) | 4.6 (1.3) | 6.1 (1.0) | (2) = 15.453 | 1-3, 2-3 |
Urgency | 5.2 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.1) | 6.3 (0.8) | (2) = 38.264 | 1-2, 1-3, 2-3 |
Security | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.0) | 6.2 (0.8) | (2) = 33.811 | 1-3, 2-3 |
Efficiency | 5.1 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.1) | (2) = 21.868 | 1-2, 1-3, 2-3 |
Comfort | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.3 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.2) | (2) = 19.825 | 1-3, 2-3 |
Like | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.2 (1.1) | 6.1 (1.0) | (2) = 28.752 | 1-2, 1-3, 2-3 |
Workload | 6.8 (2.3) | 9.0 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.6) | (2) = 40.492 | 1-2, 1-3, 2-3 |
Interactions between VR Users and Bystanders | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Interruptions | Coexistence | AR Interaction | ||
Transformations of the safety boundary wall | Rigid | Rotation: The safety boundary wall notifies the user about an intruder’s direction through rotation. Vibration: The safety boundary wall notifies the user about intrusion events through vibration. | Translation: The safety boundary wall adjusts its position to allow for some activity space for bystanders through translational motion. Vibration: The safety boundary wall adjusts its vibration intensity to display the magnitude of real-world noise. | Translation: Bystanders push the safety boundary walls of VR users to enable their movement during spatial conflicts. |
Non-rigid | Breaking: The breaking of the safety boundary wall notifies the user about intrusion events. | Height: Changes in the safety boundary wall’s height indicate the proximity of bystanders. Scale: During spatial conflicts, the safety boundary wall scales up or down to adjust the activity area [27]. (*) Deformation: During spatial conflicts, the safety boundary wall deforms to alter the activity area [25]. (*) | Deformation: Bystanders can deform the security boundary wall by squeezing it with their hands or bodies. Breaking: When bystanders touch the safety boundary wall with their hands or bodies, the safety boundary wall will break to remind them that they are entering the VR user’s activity area. | |
Texture | Color: The safety boundary wall changes its color to signify intrusion events. | Blinking: Bystanders’ approach is indicated by the blinking of the safety boundary wall. Color: A darker color of the safety boundary wall indicates the proximity of bystanders. Transparent: The nearest section of the safety boundary wall is displayed to indicate the path of a bystander’s movement. Texture Mapping: Crack textures appear in security boundary walls to represent surrounding noise. | Color: The color of the safety boundary wall represents the current status of the VR user. Transparency: Changes in the transparency in the safety boundary wall indicate whether the VR user is demoing VR to bystanders. Texture Mapping: Changes in the texture mapping of the safety boundary wall indicate whether the VR user is demoing VR. |
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Qin, H.; Qin, Y.; Su, J.; Tian, Y. Exploring Metaphorical Transformations of a Safety Boundary Wall in Virtual Reality. Sensors 2024, 24, 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103187
Qin H, Qin Y, Su J, Tian Y. Exploring Metaphorical Transformations of a Safety Boundary Wall in Virtual Reality. Sensors. 2024; 24(10):3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103187
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Haozhao, Yechang Qin, Jianchun Su, and Yang Tian. 2024. "Exploring Metaphorical Transformations of a Safety Boundary Wall in Virtual Reality" Sensors 24, no. 10: 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103187
APA StyleQin, H., Qin, Y., Su, J., & Tian, Y. (2024). Exploring Metaphorical Transformations of a Safety Boundary Wall in Virtual Reality. Sensors, 24(10), 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103187