Automatic Body Segment and Side Recognition of an Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor during Gait
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Protocol
2.2. I2S Pairing
2.2.1. Automatic Segment Detection
2.2.2. Side Identification of Lower Limb Segments
- Foot flat detection: to approximately detect the period that the foot is flat, find the periods that |Gyr| < 5 deg/s for at least 15% of the stride time (in fast walking, the foot flat period can decrease up to 15% of the stride time).
- Functional calibration
- Rotate the signal to align Y-axis with gravity during foot flat.
- Find the mediolateral axis of the foot by implementing a PCA on the rotated signal.
- Rotate the signal around the new Y-axis to align Z-axis with foot mediolateral axis.
- Check the sign of Gyrz after the foot flat; if positive, rotate the signals by 180 degrees around Y-axis to have the data in anatomical frame with the Z-axis pointing from left to right for both feet.
- Feature extraction
- Find the index of the first peak of |Gyr| after foot flat.
- At this index, extract the value of Gyrx, Gyry, and Accz.
- Take the median of these three features for several gait cycles in each walking bout.
- Decision tree for side identification of the foot sensor.
2.3. Validation
3. Results
3.1. Stride-time Estimation
3.2. Impact of Stride Time Scaling
3.3. Segment Detection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Age | Sex | Height (cm) | Mass (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy subjects (N = 12) | 34.3 ± 9.5 | 11 males 1 female | 177.5 ± 6.5 | 77.3 ± 16.1 |
Patients (N = 22) | 45.4 ± 11.6 | 16 males 6 females | 173.7 ± 10.1 | 87.6 ± 15.7 |
(a) Segment detection classifier | |||||
Accuracy | Precision | Sensitivity | Specificity | F1-Measure | |
Foot | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Shank | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Thigh | 99.9 | 100.0 | 99.7 | 100.0 | 0.99 |
Sacrum | 99.0 | 94.5 | 97.5 | 99.2 | 0.96 |
Trunk | 99.0 | 97.5 | 94.7 | 99.6 | 0.96 |
Overall | 99.7 | 99.0 | 98.9 | 99.8 | 0.99 |
(b) Side identification of foot sensor * | |||||
Right foot | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Left foot | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
(c) Side identification of shank/thigh based on a labeled foot sensor ** | |||||
Right Shank | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Left Shank | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Right thigh | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Left thigh | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
(d) The whole I2S pairing algorithm | |||||
Right foot | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Left foot | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Right Shank | 100.0 | 99.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.99 |
Left Shank | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Right thigh | 99.9 | 100.0 | 99.4 | 100.0 | 0.99 |
Left thigh | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.00 |
Sacrum | 99.0 | 94.5 | 97.5 | 99.2 | 0.96 |
Trunk | 99.0 | 97.5 | 94.7 | 99.6 | 0.96 |
Overall | 99.7 | 99.0 | 98.9 | 99.8 | 0.99 |
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Baniasad, M.; Martin, R.; Crevoisier, X.; Pichonnaz, C.; Becce, F.; Aminian, K. Automatic Body Segment and Side Recognition of an Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor during Gait. Sensors 2023, 23, 3587. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073587
Baniasad M, Martin R, Crevoisier X, Pichonnaz C, Becce F, Aminian K. Automatic Body Segment and Side Recognition of an Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor during Gait. Sensors. 2023; 23(7):3587. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073587
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaniasad, Mina, Robin Martin, Xavier Crevoisier, Claude Pichonnaz, Fabio Becce, and Kamiar Aminian. 2023. "Automatic Body Segment and Side Recognition of an Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor during Gait" Sensors 23, no. 7: 3587. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073587