Load-Balancing Routing for LEO Satellite Network with Distributed Hops-Based Back-Pressure Strategy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Increased constellation scale leads to excessive complexity in interstellar hops count estimation. In response to this problem, based on analyzing the characteristics of inclined constellations, a theoretical model is proposed to explicitly estimate the minimum end-to-end hops count and the corresponding propagation direction, so as to reduce the computational complexity;
- Considering the heavy load in the LEO satellite network, we use the destination-hops-delay (DHD), i.e., calculate the transmission delay according to the estimated end-to-end hops count from the next hop to destination nodes. The DHBP for the LSN is proposed. DHBP measures the backlog of BP routes by DHD and dynamically selects the shortest path with low congestion to balance the traffic overhead;
- The network stability of the DHBP is analyzed by utilizing the time-delay measurement based on hops count, and the throughput optimization is proved in the LSN. Network simulation is conducted on OMNET++ to test the performance of the proposed scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that DHBP optimizes throughput and transmission cost, especially under bursty traffic environments.
2. Related Works
3. System Model
3.1. LEO Satellite Network
3.2. End-to-End Hops in LSN
3.2.1. Inter-Plane Hops
3.2.2. Intra-Plane Hops
4. Hops-Based Back-Pressure Routing
4.1. Queue Length-Based BP Routing
4.2. Hops-Based BP Routing
4.3. Distributed Routing Algorithm
4.3.1. Queue Management
4.3.2. Propagation Region Control
Algorithm 1:Distributed Hops-based Back-Pressure Routing |
5. Stability Analysis
5.1. Network Stability of DHBP
5.2. Throughput Optimization of DHBP
6. Simulation Performance and Analysis
6.1. Simulation Setup
- Average delay. Average time of transmitting packets from source to destination;
- Average number of forwarding per packets. The average number of times each packet is forwarded from source to destination, which measures the average delivery cost;
- Throughput. Overall, the successful delivery rate of the packet to the destination node;
- Data delivery ratio. The ratio of messages successfully delivered to the destination satellites to all messages sent by source satellites in the network.
6.2. Result Discussion
6.2.1. Constant Bit Rate Traffic
6.2.2. Poisson Traffic
6.2.3. Bursty Traffic
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
LEO | Low Earth Orbit |
GEO | Geostationary Earth Orbit |
MEO | Medium Earth Orbit |
DHBP | Distributed hops-based back-pressure routing |
SAGIN | Space-air-ground integrated network |
DHD | Destination-hops-delay |
ISL | Inter-satellite links |
OSPF | Open Shortest Path First |
LSN | LEO satellite network |
DDR | Data delivery ratio |
Appendix A
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Load-Balancing Method | Scheme | Cost | Overhead Reduction Method |
---|---|---|---|
Global load-balancing | LBRA-CP [9] (2019) | Queue delay, geographic location | Fixed/mobile agent |
SLSR [14] (2014) | Propagation delay, queuing delay | Improved flooding algorithm | |
SALB [8] (2017) | Queue occupancy | Shortest path tree | |
NCMCR [16] (2019) | Propagation delay, queuing delay | No-Stop-Wait ACK | |
SIDA [7] (2020) | Link Load | Improved shortest path algorithm | |
Local load-balancing | TLR [21] (2014) | Propagation delay, queuing delay | Local adjustment |
HGL [23] (2017) | Propagation delay, queuing delay | Local adjustment | |
HLBR [30] (2018) | Propagation delay, queuing delay | Local adjustment | |
LSP [31] (2019) | Propagation delay, queuing delay | Local adjustment | |
DBPR [27] (2023) | Link distance | Restrict rectangular forwarding area |
Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
Orbital parameters | Orbit height (km) | 550 |
Number of satellites | 648 | |
Number of orbital planes | 18 | |
Number of satellites per plane | 36 | |
Orbital inclination () | 53 | |
Network parameters | Buffer queue size | 100 |
Minimum elevation of gateway () | 30 | |
Uplink/downlink rate (Mbps) | 10 | |
Inter-satellite link rate (Mbps) | 10 | |
Packet size (byte) | 512 |
Number | Source | Destination |
---|---|---|
1 | Perth | Beijing |
2 | Madrid | Guam |
3 | Lagos | Seoul |
4 | Cairo | Tokyo |
5 | Istanbul | Sulawesi |
6 | New Delhi | Johannesburg |
7 | Urumqi | New York |
8 | Maldives | Vilyuchinsk |
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Han, C.; Xiong, W.; Yu, R. Load-Balancing Routing for LEO Satellite Network with Distributed Hops-Based Back-Pressure Strategy. Sensors 2023, 23, 9789. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249789
Han C, Xiong W, Yu R. Load-Balancing Routing for LEO Satellite Network with Distributed Hops-Based Back-Pressure Strategy. Sensors. 2023; 23(24):9789. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249789
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Chi, Wei Xiong, and Ronghuan Yu. 2023. "Load-Balancing Routing for LEO Satellite Network with Distributed Hops-Based Back-Pressure Strategy" Sensors 23, no. 24: 9789. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249789
APA StyleHan, C., Xiong, W., & Yu, R. (2023). Load-Balancing Routing for LEO Satellite Network with Distributed Hops-Based Back-Pressure Strategy. Sensors, 23(24), 9789. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249789