Enhancing QoS of Telecom Networks through Server Load Management in Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Motivations and Significance of Research Technique
- (a)
- By applying the DASLM approach, there is less end-to-end latency delay, maximum throughput, and less queuing delays by avoiding elephant flows, equal load management, and efficient use of bandwidth can be achieved.
- (b)
- Bandwidth enhancement is obtained using the proposed (DASLM) technique.
- (c)
- In the case of large networks (more switches, hosts, data center servers), the single controller could become loaded, exhausted, and lead to a single-point failure. The solution mentioned in different research techniques, as discussed in Section 2.1, was to use multiple controllers (in the master-salve version). The major issues in the implementation of these methods involve the following:
- (1)
- The compatibility of two controllers.
- (2)
- Providing the data center server access to both controllers.
- (3)
- Switches flow managed by both controllers.
- (d)
- The other major problem addressed in the proposed technique is the load balancing in the HTTP service provider servers by calculating the number of HTTP requests on each server and computing the server load. The HTTP request per second value (RPS) of each server is compared with the reference server load threshold (SLT) value (as explained in Section 3.1), which is set to a level of 1000 (HTTP requests per second) in our case. If the number of HTTP requests on the particular server has reached the (SLT) value, then that server is considered loaded and is removed from the available pool of servers in the SDN network, and no new HTTP request is assigned to that server until the RPS value decreases below the SLT value range. The load is balanced by directing the flow of HTTP requests from the loaded server to other available servers on the following bases:
2. Literature Review
2.1. Traditional Methods for Load Balancing in SDN Network
2.1.1. Load-Balancing Techniques of Network Servers
2.1.2. Measurement of Network Basic Component
2.1.3. Passive Load Flow Analysis Modeling
2.1.4. Active Load Flow Analysis Modeling
2.1.5. Data Traffic Management
2.1.6. Energy Scavenging Techniques
2.2. Comparisons of the Proposed Algorithm (DASLM) with Traditional Load-Balancing Methods
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Foundational Theoretical Background
- (1)
- Network devices (routers, switches, etc.).
- (2)
- Network infrastructure.
- (3)
- QoS results extraction.
- (4)
- When the controller of an SDN-based network provides greater latency delays in HTTP request handling and indicates that the controller is not performing load management tasks properly. Example of a large SDN-based network:
- (a)
- A network has a hundred thousand network devices (routers, switches, servers, etc.), a large number of concurrent HTTP requests generating end users, and multiple data centers.
- (b)
- A network has hundreds of thousands of virtual machines, and their communication is managed through SDN-based applications.
- (c)
- An SDN network provides services to many end-users covering a sizeable geographical area.
3.2. Procedural Steps
- (a)
- SDN controller (POX) is first switched (up) to the running condition.
- (b)
- The network topology (shown in Figure 8) is drawn on the Mininet graphical interface or can be established by writing a command in the command line interface of Mininet.
- (c)
- Server load (in terms of HTTP requests) is calculated, and based on these calculations, the graph of the QoS parameters is obtained using the I-Perf and Gnu-plot utility.
- (a)
- The controller (POX) is switched to active mode by running the DASLM algorithm (with details as mentioned in Section 3.1).
- (b)
- The network topology (shown in Figure 8) is drawn on the Mininet graphical interface or can be established by writing a command in the command line interface of Mininet.
- (c)
- Server load (in terms of HTTP requests) is calculated, and based on these calculations, the graph of the QoS parameters is obtained using the I-Perf and Gnu-plot utility.
- (d)
- The comparison is drawn between the QoS parameters results obtained in both portions (1 and 2). However, the QoS parameter results in portion 2 will be far superior to those obtained in portion 1 (the QoS result details are explained in Section 4).
3.3. SDN-Based Environment (Lab Setup)
- (a)
- Two cores i-7 (HP 15 Dw4029NE, Core i7, 12th Generation, 256 GB SSD, 1 TB HDD, 2 GB NVIDIA MX550 DOS), ten generations with 32 GB RAM each.
- (b)
- With three VMs (virtual machines) on each PC, one is used to run an SDN controller, one for the Mininet topology, and the other for the network performance graph.
- (c)
- Mininet is required to simulate the network along the I-Perf and J-Perf (required for QOS parameter measurement).
- (d)
- P-J-T graph and Gnu-plot utility convert text files in the simulated graph for QOS parameter analysis.
- (e)
- Wireshark tool (for network graphs).
- (f)
- POX Controller (scripted in Python—version: 3.11.4).
4. Simulation Results and Discussion
4.1. (CaseI: Finding QoS Parameters of User-Defined Network Topology without the DASLM Algorithm)
4.1.1. Normal Flow
4.1.2. Loaded Scenario
4.2. Case II: Finding QoS Parameters of User-Defined Network Topology with the Implementation of the DASLM Algorithm on an SDN Controller
4.2.1. Normal Flow
4.2.2. Loaded Scenario
4.3. Comparative Analysis of DASLM with Traditional Server Load-Balancing Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Improvement in Network with the Author’s Technique | Limitation | Comparison with the Proposed Algorithm (DASLM) |
---|---|---|---|
S. Sathyanarayana et al. [69] | The authors combine the ant colony algorithm with the dynamic flow algorithm. The less-loaded server is found with the dynamic flow algorithm, and the shortest path to the less-loaded server is found using the ant algorithm technique. | In this paper, the latency is reduced. However, combining two algorithms and running them simultaneously extensively uses computer resources, memory, and bandwidth. | The proposed algorithm (DASLM) is a single active sensing dynamic algorithm that balances the load on HTTP servers in the SDN network by calculating their HTTP request load. If the HTTP request load of any server exceeds the range of the server load threshold (SLT) value, the load is shifted to the server with less HTTP request load. However, if the above condition is not met, HTTP requests are forwarded to the server with a quicker response time. As a result, the transfer rate, available bandwidth, and throughput are increased, and there are no overhead issues. |
H. Zhong et al. [70] | In this research paper, the HTTP request flow is managed based on server response time calculations. | Processing delays are reduced only. | The proposed algorithm (DASLM) not only balances the load on HTTP servers in the SDN network by calculating the response time by sending ARP packets but also selects the optimum server by (a) calculating RPS and comparing the RPS value with the reference threshold SLT value and (b) finding the number of HTTP requests in the queue to be processed by the respective servers of the SDN network. |
Hamed et al. [71] | The (HTTP request) load among different servers is balanced using the traditional Round-Robin method. | This method is simple and easy to implement and distributes the HTTP request load among different servers in sequential order. This method has greater limitations in large SDN networks with heavy data flow. | The proposed algorithm (DASLM) is more advanced than the method adopted for load balance [52]. In the proposed method, the optimum server for better managing HTTP request flow is selected based on response time calculation, calculation of RPS and comparison with threshold SLT value, and finding the number of HTTP requests in the queue of respective servers to be processed. |
Arahunashi et al. [72] | The (HTTP request) load among different servers is balanced by calculating each server’s maximum available bandwidth. | The throughput and response time calculation is not considered. | The DASLM algorithm performs load balancing among different available servers based on (a) maximum available bandwidth (by calculating the server load), (b)response time, and (c) processing delays. |
Kaur et al. [73] | The authors use a direct routing algorithm that directs the server’s response to the host without passing through the load balancer. With this method, the author has claimed a decrease in latency. | The flow control is very much compromised. | In the DASLM algorithm, the RPS value of each server for every flow is calculated, and then, based on comparisons with SLT value, the load is shared among different servers. |
Kavana et al. [74] | The authors use a flood light controller, and the link path cost calculation is performed with the shortest path first. | HTTP request load is balanced among different available servers based on link cost optimization and no real-time traffic flow sensing. | DASLM performs real-time HTTP request flow sensing and distributes the HTTP request load among different available servers based on calculations performed for every flow. |
Hamed et al. [75] | Comparison of Raspberry-Pi-based network and the network formed on Mininet. | The result claimed by the authors is that the SDN-based network has better performance in server load balancing. | The DASLM is implemented in a Mininet environment with a POX controller. |
S. Ejaz et al. [76] | The authors propose using two controllers (master and slave). All copies of files regarding flow management in the network are saved on the master controller so that if the controller fails, other controllers manage the flow. | A logically centralized environment requires tight synchronization. | DASLM proposes the use of a logically distributed environment. |
H.Gasmelseed et al. [77] | In this study, the authors propose the use of two controllers. One controller controls the TCP flow, while the other manages the UDP flow and shares files at the end of every flow so that if the controller fails, other controllers manage the flow. | A logically centralized environment requires tight synchronization. | DASLM proposes the use of a logically distributed environment. In this arrangement, every controller manages the flow of their subdivided network. |
N.T. Hai et al. [78] | The data traffic is distributed into two categories: (1) critical time traffic and (2) non-critical time traffic, and in the case of congestion, the critical time traffic is given priority. | Minimized data transmission with a greater packet drop ratio. | In the DASLM algorithm, every traffic flow is given equal importance, and real-time HTTP request load calculations manage the flow. |
M.L.Chiang et al. [79] | In this research article, the authors use a flood light controller with dynamic load balancing to reach the under-utilized server among different servers available in the network. The HTTP request load is shifted to the server with less RPS (HTTP request per second) load. | No work is conducted regarding response time. | The DASLM algorithm has the advanced feature of computing the server response time and finding the number of HTTP requests in the queue to be processed by the respective server. |
H.Zhong et al. [80] | This paper draws a comparison between static and dynamic scheduling algorithms. | The dynamic scheduling algorithm has better flow characteristics. | DASLM is the active sensing load-balancing algorithm that performs real-time calculations to distribute the HTTP request load uniformly among network servers. |
Load Testing | Time | Bam | Th | Tf (in 15 s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Test #4 (with 1000 HTTP requests per second) | 0–15 s | 3.48 Gbps | 3.23 Gbps | 6.07 Gbytes |
Test #3 (with 3750 HTTP requests per second) | 0–15 s | 2.10 Gbps | 2.29 Gbps | 4.298 Gbytes |
Test #2 (with 3000 HTTP requests per second) | 0–15 s | 2.50 Gbps | 2.44 Gbps | 4.587 Gbytes |
Test #1 (with 2000 HTTP requests per second) | 0–15 s | 3.17 Gbps | 3.14 Gbps | 5.897 Gbytes |
Parameters | Descriptions | Values |
---|---|---|
T in sec | Total simulation time in sec | 0–15 |
Bam | Maximum available bandwidth in Gbps | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
Th | Throughput in Gbps | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
Tf | Transfer rate in G-bytes | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
SLT value | Server load threshold value | 1000 (RPS) is chosen as the reference value to compute the server load |
L | Latency in ms | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
RPS | Requests per second | 150 RPS during case (1) normal flow and 15,000 during case (2) loaded flow |
%TF | Percentage decrease in transfer rate | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
%L | Percentage increase in server load | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
% Bmax | Maximum available bandwidth percentage | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
%Taf | Achievable transfer rate percentage | Value to be calculated by I-Perf utility during both cases: (1) normal flow and (2) loaded flow |
List of HTTP Servers | Time in s | Bam | Th | Tf (in 15 s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Server#1 | 0–15 s | 19.3 Gbps | 17.92 Gbps | 33.6 Gbytes |
Server#2 | 0–15 s | 19.7 Gbps | 18.34 Gbps | 34.4 Gbytes |
Server#3 | 0–15 s | 19.4 Gbps | 18.0266 Gbps | 33.8 Gbytes |
Server#4 | 0–15 s | 19.7 Gbps | 18.4 Gbps | 34.5 Gbytes |
List of HTTP Servers | Time | Bam | Th | Tf (in 15 s) | 156 Packets Tavr (ms) | L (ms) | %Tf | %L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 (Normal Flow) | 0–15 s | 19.7 Gbps | 18.34 Gbps | 34.4 Gbytes | 155,790.81 | 0.299 | X | X |
S2 (Loaded Scenario) | 0–15 s | 943 Mbps | 0.88 Gbps | 1.65 Gbytes | 156,765 | 12 | 95.43% | 95% |
Interface | Time in s | Bam | Th | Tf (in 15 s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
The link between the controller and the HTTP request generator virtual machine | 0–15 s | 4.02 Gbps | 3.744 Gbps | 7.02 Gbytes |
Interface/Servers | Time | Bam | Th | Tf (in 15 s) | Available Bandwidth Percentage | Achievable Transfer Rate (%) | 156 Packets Tavr (ms) | L (ms) | %Tf | %L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Normal Flow) with DASLM | 0–15 s | 4.02 Gbps | 3.744 Gbps | 7.02 Gbytes | X | X | 790.81 | 0.2 | X | X |
(Loaded Scenario) with DASLM | 0–15 s | 3.48 Gbps | 3.23 Gbps | 6.07 Gbytes | 86.57% | 86.47% | 865.67 | 0.87 | 13.53% | 13.43% |
(Loaded Scenario) without DASLM | 0–15 s | 943 Mbps | 0.88 Gbps | 1.65 Gbytes | 4.78% | 4.65% | 156,765 | 12 | 95.43% | 95% |
Method Used | Time | Bam | Th | Tf (in 15 s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
QoS parameters with DASLM Algorithm. | 0–15 s | 3.48 Gbps | 3.23 Gbps | 6.07 Gbytes |
Case B | 0–15 s | 1.48 Gbps | 1.38 Gbps | 2.59 Gbytes |
Case A | 0–15 s | 1.50 Gbps | 1.40 Gbps | 2.63 Gbytes |
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Mehmood, K.T.; Atiq, S.; Hussain, M.M. Enhancing QoS of Telecom Networks through Server Load Management in Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Sensors 2023, 23, 9324. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239324
Mehmood KT, Atiq S, Hussain MM. Enhancing QoS of Telecom Networks through Server Load Management in Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Sensors. 2023; 23(23):9324. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239324
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehmood, Khawaja Tahir, Shahid Atiq, and Muhammad Majid Hussain. 2023. "Enhancing QoS of Telecom Networks through Server Load Management in Software-Defined Networking (SDN)" Sensors 23, no. 23: 9324. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239324