A Spectrally Interrogated Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensor for Current Measurement with Temperature Correction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principle of Operation and Experimental Arrangement
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Principle of Operation and Sensitivities
2.3. Interrogation Detection Techniques
2.3.1. Extrema Wavelength Shifts
2.3.2. π-Shifted Normalized Differential Response
2.3.3. Comparison
- (i)
- The responses of the π-shifted method exhibit nonlinearities compared with the extrema shift method;
- (ii)
- The normalized differential signal is faster to calculate compared with the extrema shift method and is more appropriate if fast changing short circuit current changes are to be detected, in which case slowly varying temperature induced noise is irrelevant;
- (iii)
- The resolution of the π-shifted method is better because the signals are away from minima and less sensitive to noise.
3. Experiment and Results
3.1. Experimental Setup
3.2. Results of Optical Activity Measurements
- (i)
- A wavelength from among the following 540 nm, 570 nm, 600 nm, 630 nm, 660 nm and 690 nm was chosen, starting from the highest value. In the absence of magnetic field (I = 0 A) and at room temperature (≈22 °C) the analyzer was rotated until a minimum of the response coincided with the chosen wavelength of measurement (690 nm for example);
- (ii)
- For a chosen value of the wavelength λk, a value of the current as fixed between I = −30 A and I = 30 A. For a fixed value of the current, the temperature was varied between T = −30 °C and 60 °C, and for each temperature the analyzer was rotated to compensate for the temperature and current induced phase changes (26a,b) due to the ρ(λk,T), VI(λk,T) and I, and the particular value for φ was found;
- (iii)
- After the temperature was scanned, a new value for the current for the same wavelength was set and then the temperature scanning was repeated;
- (iv)
- After all currents were scanned, the next wavelength was chosen and the procedure from (i) to (iii) was repeated.
3.3. Approximations
4. Simultaneous Current and Temperature Measurement Technique
4.1. Sensitivities to Current and Temperature
- (i)
- Use the power law approximations (21) to study the responses to current and temperature changes and determine the sensitivities SI and ST;
- (ii)
- Study the wavelength, temperature, and current (magnetic field) dependences of SI and ST;
- (iii)
- Develop a method for simultaneous two-parameter measurement.
4.2. Two Points Method for Simultaneous Two-Parameter Measurement
- (i)
- The coefficients from Table 1 are substituted into (25a–c);
- (ii)
- By fixing the position of the analyzer with respect to the polarizer, a desirable position of the spectral response is fixed for I0 = 0 and T = T0 which quantities are also to be inserted into (25a–c). The two extrema whose shifts are to be monitored are fixed, and under these conditions their values λ10 and λ20 are measured and substituted into (25a–c) as well;
- (iii)
- The instant values of the extrema λ1 and λ2 are measured over regular intervals t and are inserted into (25a–c) and into (28) for the coefficients a, b, and c from (27);
- (iv)
- The current change is calculated (29).
5. Conclusions
- Two types of spectral interrogation technique could be used: Wavelength shifts of the minima and/or maxima and normalized differential intensity response at pairs of wavelengths which are π-shifted over the spectral range. In both cases the sensitivities to current are wavelength dependent;
- We performed detailed measurements on the temperature, current, and spectral dependences of the intrinsic and magnetic field induced optical activity of BSO crystals in the range from 540 nm to 690 nm, current range from −30 to +30 A, and temperature range from −30 °C to 60 °C;
- The temperature dependence of the intrinsic optical activity ρ(λ,T) was found to be linear in the form ρ(λ,T) = ρ0(λ) + a(λ)T within the above range, while the wavelength dependence of the coefficients ρ0(λ) and aρ(λ) could be fitted with coefficients of determination of R2 = 0.9878 or better;
- The temperature dependence of the Verdet constant was found to be very weak, and over a ΔT = 90 °C temperature range is less than 1.08 × 10−3 deg/A/mm, typically <7.2 × 10−4 deg/A/mm above 570 nm. The wavelength dependence of the Verdet constant could be fitted by a power law with R2 = 0.989;
- On the basis of the above established approximations, it was found that the wavelength shift of an extremum is a linear combination of the current and temperature changes, but contains a mixed term. By making use of spectral shifts at two extrema λ1 and λ2, the temperature dependence was lifted and a third-order polynomial equation for current changes ΔI was derived;
- A straightforward current measurement procedure was proposed and tested numerically.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhang, J.; Wang, C.; Chen, Y.; Xiang, Y.; Huang, T.; Shum, P.P.; Wu, Z. Fiber structures and material science in optical fiber magnetic field sensors. Front. Optoelectron. 2022, 15, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohnert, K.; Gabus, P.; Kostovic, J.; Brändle, H. Optical fiber sensors for the electric power industry. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2005, 43, 511–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leysen, W.; Gusarov, A.; Wuilpart, M.; Beaumont, P.; Boboc, A.; Croft, D.; Bekris, N.; Batistoni, P. Plasma current measurement at JET using polarimetry-based fibre optic current sensor. Fusion Eng. Des. 2020, 160, 111754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mihailovic, P.; Petricevic, S. Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Faraday Effect. Sensors 2021, 21, 6564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Shen, T.; Wu, H.-B.; Feng, Y.; Chen, J.-J. Applications of magneto-strictive, magneto-optical, magnetic fluid materials in optical fiber current sensors and optical fiber magnetic field sensors: A review. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2021, 65, 102634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, J.; Zhang, S.; Jia, S.; Kang, X.; Yu, H.; Yang, S.; Wang, S.; Yang, Y. A highly sensitive magnetic field sensor based on FBG and magnetostrictive composite with oriented magnetic domains. Measurement 2022, 189, 110667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Xie, Z.; Yan, H.; Li, P.; Wang, P.; Han, D. High sensitivity and large measurement range magnetic field micro-nano fiber sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interference. Opt. Laser Technol. 2022, 156, 108455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuhao, C.; Sergeev, M.; Petrov, A.; Varzhel, S.; Sheng, C.; Li, L. Highly sensitive vector magnetic field sensors based on fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometers. Opt. Commun. 2022, 524, 128725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Lv, R.; Zheng, H. Optic-fiber vector magnetic field sensor utilizing magneto-shape effect of magnetic fluid. Measurement 2022, 202, 111829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberto, N.; Domingues, M.F.; Marques, C.; André, P.; Antunes, P. Optical Fiber Magnetic Field Sensors Based on Magnetic Fluid: A Review. Sensors 2018, 18, 4325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Yu, Q.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Y.; Lv, R.; Zhao, Y. Magnetic sensing technology of fiber optic interferometer based on magnetic fluid: A review. Measurement 2023, 216, 112929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tassev, V.; Gospodinov, M.; Veleva, M. Optical activity of BSO crystals doped with Cr, Mn and Cu. Opt. Mater. 1999, 13, 249–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tassev, V.; Diankov, G.; Gospodinov, M. Measurement of optical activity and Faraday effect in pure and doped sillenite crystals. Proc. SPIE 1996, 2529, 223–230. [Google Scholar]
- Diankov, G.L.; Tassev, V.L.; Gospodinov, M. Fiber optic magnetic field sensor head based on BSO crystal. Proc. SPIE 1996, 3052, 390–393. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Huang, Y.; Deng, C.; Hu, C.; Wang, T. A Compact Polarimetric Fiber-optic Sensor Based on Bi4Ge3O12 Crystal for Ultra-high Surge Current Sensing. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Lausanne, Switzerland, 24–28 September 2018; ISBN 978-1-943580-50-7. [Google Scholar]
- Isik, M.; Delice, S.; Gasanly, N.M.; Darvishov, N.H.; Bagiev, V.E. Temperature-dependent band gap characteristics of Bi12SiO20 single crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 2019, 126, 245703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mihailovic, P.; Petricevic, S.; Stankovic, S.; Radunovic, J. Temperature dependence of the Bi12GeO20 optical activity. Opt. Mater. 2008, 30, 1079–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lessmann, F.; Jenau, F. Temperature Compensation Method for an Optical Direct Current Sensor Using Two Wavelengths and Technical Current Ripple. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), Palermo, Italy, 12–15 June 2018; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Mihailovic, P.M.; Petricevic, S.J.; Radunovic, J.B. Compensation for Temperature-Dependence of the Faraday Effect by Optical Activity Temperature Shift. IEEE Sens. J. 2013, 13, 832–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, H.; Sun, F.; Yang, Y.; Cao, G.; Sun, K. A novel temperature-compensated method for FBG-GMM current sensor. Opt. Commun. 2013, 308, 64–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Q.; Li, X.-G.; Zhou, X.; Chen, N.; Wang, S.; Li, F.; Lv, R.-Q.; Nguyen, L.V.; Warren-Smith, S.C.; Zhao, Y. Temperature Compensated Magnetic Field Sensor Using Magnetic Fluid Filled Exposed Core Microstructure Fiber. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2022, 71, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Lv, R.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, J.; Lin, Z. Temperature-compensated optical fiber magnetic field sensor with cascaded femtosecond laser micromachining hollow core fiber and fiber loop. Opt. Laser Technol. 2023, 157, 108748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Fan, L.; Liu, W.; Xing, E.; Tang, J.; Liu, J. Temperature and vibration insensitive fiber optic vector magnetic field sensor. Opt. Commun. 2022, 530, 129178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reilly, D.; Willshire, A.J.; Fusiek, G.; Niewczas, P.; McDonald, J.R. A Fiber-Bragg-Grating-Based Sensor for Simultaneous AC Current and Temperature Measurement. IEEE Sens. J. 2006, 6, 1539–1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Ning, T.; Wen, X.; Li, J.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, C. Magnetic field and temperature sensor based on a no-core fiber combined with a fiber Bragg grating. Opt. Laser Technol. 2015, 72, 104–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, G.-H.; Shi, J.; Xu, D.-G.; Zhang, H.-W.; Xu, W.; Wang, Y.-Y.; Feng, J.-C.; Yao, J.-Q. Simultaneous Magnetic Field and Temperature Measurement Based on No-Core Fiber Coated with Magnetic Fluid. IEEE Sens. J. 2016, 16, 8489–8493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, C.; Wang, M.; Dong, Y.; Ye, S.; Jian, S. Simultaneous measurement of magnetic field and temperature based on NCF cascaded with ECSF in fiber loop mirror. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2019, 48, 45–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, R.; Xue, Y.; Xue, M.; Ke, C.; Ye, J.; Chen, M.; Liu, H.; Yuan, L. Simultaneous Measurement of Magnetic Field and Temperature Utilizing Magnetofluid-Coated SMF-UHCF-SMF Fiber Structure. Materials 2022, 15, 7966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.; Qiu, H.; Deng, C.; Lian, Z.; Yang, Y.; Yu, Y.; Hu, C.; Dong, Y.; Shang, Y.; Zhang, X.; et al. Simultaneous measurement of magnetic field and temperature based on two anti-resonant modes in hollow core Bragg fiber. Opt. Express 2021, 29, 32208–32219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eftimov, T.; Dyankov, G.; Kolev, P.; Vladev, V.; Kolaklieva, L. A polarimetric fiber optic current sensor based on Bi12SiO20 crystal fluorescence. Opt. Mater. 2022, 133, 112837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eftimov, T.; Dyankov, G.; Kolev, P.; Vladev, V. A simple fiber optic magnetic field and current sensor with spectral interrogation. Opt. Commun. 2023, 527, 128930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lauer, R.B. Photoluminescence in Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1970, 17, 178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eftimov, T.; Dyankov, G.; Arapova, A.; Kolev, P.; Vladev, V. Temperature stability of a polarimetric current sensor based on BSO crystal fluorescence. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Alexandria, VA, USA, 29 August–2 September 2022. [Google Scholar]
A00 (nm/A) | A01 (nm/°C/A) | A10 (1/A) | A11 (1/°C /A) | B00 (nm/°C) | B01 (nm/°C/A) | B10 (1/°C) | B11 (1/°C/A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.8 × 10−2 | −3 × 10−5 | 2.548 × 10−4 | 2 × 10−7 | 2.1 × 10−3 | −2.05 × 10−5 | −9.97 × 10−5 | 8.2 × 10−8 |
Pairs | Linear | Third-Order Polynomial |
---|---|---|
(λ1, λ3) | Ic = 0.9438 I + 2.1467 (R2 = 0.9947) | Ic = 1 × 10−5 I3 – 0.0009 I2 + 0.8612 + 5.9436 (R2 = 0.999) |
(λ2, λ3) | Ic = 0.9318 I + 12.041 (R2 = 0.9981) | Ic = 9 × 10−6 I3 – 0.0009 I2 + 0.8594 + 15.139 (R2 = 0.9947) |
Overall | Ic = 0.9346 I + 6.8511 (R 2= 0.9958) | Ic = 1 × 10−5 I3 – 0.0009 I2 + 0.8603 + 6.8511 (R2 = 0.9997) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Eftimov, T.; Dyankov, G.; Kolev, P.; Vladev, V. A Spectrally Interrogated Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensor for Current Measurement with Temperature Correction. Sensors 2023, 23, 9306. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239306
Eftimov T, Dyankov G, Kolev P, Vladev V. A Spectrally Interrogated Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensor for Current Measurement with Temperature Correction. Sensors. 2023; 23(23):9306. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239306
Chicago/Turabian StyleEftimov, Tinko, Georgi Dyankov, Petar Kolev, and Veselin Vladev. 2023. "A Spectrally Interrogated Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensor for Current Measurement with Temperature Correction" Sensors 23, no. 23: 9306. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239306