Impact of DC Transient Disturbances on Harmonic Performance of Voltage Transformers for AC Railway Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Generation and Measurement Setup
3. Measurement Procedure
3.1. FH1 Test: VT Preliminary Characterization
- is the rated transformation ratio ( and are the rated primary and secondary voltages);
- and are the root mean square (rms) values of the primary and secondary h-order harmonic voltages;
- and are the phase angles of the primary and secondary h-order harmonic voltages.
3.2. DC Disturbance Test
- A is the amplitude;
- t is the time variable;
- is the time constant.
- is the time instant in which the DC disturbance is applied;
- is the Heaviside step function;
- is the fundamental amplitude;
- is the fundamental frequency;
- is the harmonic amplitude.
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Reference Tests: FH1
4.2. Impact of DC Disturbance on Harmonic Measurements
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Instrument Type | Name | Main Characteristics |
---|---|---|
AWG | NI 5421 | 16-bit, ±12 V, 100 MHz maximum sampling rate |
Power amplifier | TREK 30/20A | ±30 kV, ±20 mA, DC to 20 kHz bandwidth |
Reference sensor | Resistive capacitive voltage divider | ±30 kV, DC to 9 kHz bandwidth |
Data acquisition | cDAQ NI 9225 and NI 9239 | 24-bit, 50 kHz sampling rate, ±425 V and ±10 V |
A | |||
---|---|---|---|
(% of Rated) | (% of Fundamental) | (s) | (deg) |
80 to 100 | 0.1 to 2 | 0.02 to 0.5 | 0 to 90 |
Name | Frequency | Primary Voltage | Secondary Voltage | Rated Burden | Application | Accuracy Class and Standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VT | 50 Hz | 25 kV | 100 V | 25 VA | Rolling stock | 0.5 |
16.7 Hz | 15 kV | 60 V | (outdoor) | IEC 60044-7 | ||
VT | 50 Hz | kV | V | 30 VA | MV metering (indoor) | 0.5 IEC 61869-3 |
Quantity | Impact | Relevance |
---|---|---|
h | High | Most affected harmonics: h = 2, h = 3, h = 4 |
A | Medium |
|
High | A = 2%
| |
Very low | max dev ≤ 0.2% | |
A | High | h = 2, A = 1%, = 0.5 s
|
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Letizia, P.S.; Signorino, D.; Crotti, G. Impact of DC Transient Disturbances on Harmonic Performance of Voltage Transformers for AC Railway Applications. Sensors 2022, 22, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062270
Letizia PS, Signorino D, Crotti G. Impact of DC Transient Disturbances on Harmonic Performance of Voltage Transformers for AC Railway Applications. Sensors. 2022; 22(6):2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062270
Chicago/Turabian StyleLetizia, Palma Sara, Davide Signorino, and Gabriella Crotti. 2022. "Impact of DC Transient Disturbances on Harmonic Performance of Voltage Transformers for AC Railway Applications" Sensors 22, no. 6: 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062270
APA StyleLetizia, P. S., Signorino, D., & Crotti, G. (2022). Impact of DC Transient Disturbances on Harmonic Performance of Voltage Transformers for AC Railway Applications. Sensors, 22(6), 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062270