A Novel Prototype for Safe Driving Using Embedded Smart Box System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Works
2.1. Infrastructure
2.2. Healthcare
2.3. Vehicle
2.4. Smart Transportation Architecture
2.5. Dashboard
2.6. Internet of Things (IoT) Element
3. Smart Driver Architecture
3.1. Wearable Device
3.2. Embedded System
3.3. Communication
3.4. Cloud
3.5. Flowchart of the Smart Driver System
4. Hardware Component of Smart Driver
- GPS Module functions as a GPS receiver that can detect location and process signals from navigation satellites. The GPS module utilizes the time of delivery data as altitude data against the satellites. If we have data from three different satellites, each transmitting position, and altitude data, we will obtain the position where the GPS module is located [46]. The position calculation process uses the concept of trilateration calculation, with different calculation algorithms for each GPS module [47]. The format of latitude and longitude data received by GPS is still in degrees comma minutes (ddmm.mmmm), then the data must be converted to degrees comma degrees (dd.dddd) to obtain latitude and longitude numbers that can be used in google maps;
- Bluetooth is a communication media device that can connect a communication device with other communication devices. The device used is the Arduino Mega 2560 with ATMega328P;
- Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is an open telecommunications system, and there is no ownership (non-proprietary) but the copyright owner of a company that is growing rapidly and constantly. The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card is an integrated circuit for storing customers’ cellular phone data, such as the user’s identity, location and telephone number, authorization data network, personal security key, contact list, and stored text [48];
- Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on ATMega2560. This module has 54 digital inputs/outputs, including 14 for pulse width modulation (PWM) outputs, and 16 are used as analog inputs, four serial ports, 16 MHz Crystal oscillators, USB connections, power jacks, ICISP Headers, and reset buttons. This device has a flash memory of 256 KB to store programs;
- ATMega 328P is a microcontroller from the Atmel that exhibits a reduced instruction set computer architecture; each data execution process is faster than the completed instruction set computer architecture;
- The vibration motor vibrates when the driver is sleepy;
- A battery provides electricity to ATMega 328P;
- An accelerometer is a transducer sensor that detects and measures changes in acceleration, object orientation, and vibrations, as well as acceleration due to the influence of gravity. The MMA7361 accelerometer sensor has a g-select facility that allows the sensor to work at different sensitivity levels. The internal gain on the sensor will change according to the selected sensitivity level, namely 1.5 g, 2 g, 4 g, or 6 g;
- Heart rate is a sensor that detects the driver’s pulse; the unit of this sensor is beats per minute;
- The IoT Cloud Gateway connects IoT devices and applications (cloud-based) to convey information using the Internet transfer protocol.
5. Results
5.1. Sudden Brake Testing on the Car
5.2. Collision Testing
- Ten sudden brake tests were carried out;
- Collision from the front and side;
- The test was in a condition where a collision from the side caused the car to roll so that the vehicle tilted 10 times;
5.3. Global Positioning System (GPS) Testing
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Sensor | Connectivity |
---|---|---|
[11] | sensor, ecg sensor | 1 and 2 |
[12] | eeg, ecg, hrv, eog | 1 and 2 |
[13] | ppg, gsr, temp, accel, gyro | 1 and 2 |
[14] | ppg, pgrx, tri-axis accelerometer, gyroscope | 2 |
[15] | emg, gsr | 2 |
[8] | heartbeat sensor, blink sensor, eeg, ecg, eog | 1, |
[16] | eeg, gyroscope | 1 and 2 |
[17] | bio harness, steering sensor, eeg, ecg, emg | 1 and 2 |
[18] | eye-tracking, accelerometer, eeg, heart rate, respiration rate, galvanic skin response, driving dynamics, proximity sensor | 1 and 2 |
[19] | EEG | 1 and 2 |
Condition | Heartbeat |
---|---|
Normal | 60 ≤ heartbeat ≤ 100 |
Abnormal | heartbeat < 60 AND heartbeat > 100 |
Components | Connectivity |
---|---|
Gps gy-neo6mv2 | Module to detect locations based on satellite navigation signals |
Module Bluetooth hc-05 | A module that functions for full-duplex communication |
SIM900A Module GSM/GPRS | Module for communicating using GSM phone network |
Arduino Mega 2560 | Microcontroller board based on Atmega 2560 |
Atmega 328P | Microchip technology microcontroller |
DC 9A 300w Dcstep-down 7–40V to 1–35V CCCV | Converter to reduce DC power from 7–40V to 1–35V |
MMA7361(Accelerometer) | A sensor used to measure the acceleration of an object |
Gy-91MPU9250BMP280 10DOF | Multi-sensor module, which has nine motion detection axes. This small module uses the MPU9250 chipset, which is also planted with three-axis Gyro, three-axis Accelerometer, Digital Compass, and BMP280 |
Gy50L3G4200D3-Axis Digital gyrosensor module | Angular speed sensor board containing a 3-axis gyroscope, which provides measurements of 16-bit resolution up to 2000 dps, gyroscope measures how much the device rotates around the three axes |
Heart rate sensor | This sensor can detect the heartbeats per minute |
Number | Y-Axis Peak | Y-Axis g Value | Z-Axis Peak | Z-Axis g Value | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 643 | 7.46 | 706 | 9.00 | Accident |
2 | 496 | 3.87 | 634 | 7.24 | Accident |
3 | 474 | 3.33 | 682 | 8.41 | Accident |
4 | 602 | 6.46 | 503 | 4.04 | Accident |
5 | 458 | 2.94 | 709 | 9.07 | Accident |
6 | 709 | 9.07 | 497 | 3.89 | Accident |
7 | 604 | 6.51 | 642 | 7.43 | Accident |
8 | 700 | 8.85 | 593 | 6.24 | Accident |
9 | 421 | 2.03 | 695 | 8.73 | Accident |
10 | 708 | 9.05 | 535 | 4.82 | Accident |
1 | 2 | Status |
---|---|---|
494 | 383 | Violation from the side |
538 | 490 | Violation from the side |
460 | 299 | Violation from the side |
745 | 996 | Accident |
503 | 404 | Violation from the side |
732 | 962 | Accident |
739 | 980 | Accident |
620 | 685 | Accident |
634 | 725 | Accident |
483 | 380 | Violation from the side |
No | Result from Smartphone | Result from GPS Modul | Deviation (Meter) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | Latitude | Longitude | ||
1 | 6.1899208 | 106.6362118 | 6.1899204 | 106.6362111 | 3 |
2 | –6.1942012 | 106.6334934 | –6.1942006 | 106.6334940 | 4 |
3 | –6.1937332 | 106.6354367 | –6.1937330 | 106.6354360 | 5 |
4 | –6.1944922 | 106.5960114 | –6.1944920 | 106.5960111 | 1 |
5 | –6.2050088 | 106.6388634 | –6.2050082 | 106.6388624 | 4 |
6 | –6.2145531 | 106.628502 | –6.2145530 | 106.628512 | 9 |
7 | –6.2226824 | 106.6316815 | –6.2226820 | 106.6316805 | 4 |
8 | –6.2473944 | 106.6425258 | –6.2473940 | 106.6425250 | 4 |
9 | –6.2337492 | 106.6397589 | –6.2337490 | 106.6397585 | 3 |
10 | –6.2547462 | 106.6451515 | –6.2547458 | 106.6451510 | 1 |
Drivers | Normal | Drowsy | Sleep |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 76 | 63 | 59 |
2 | 84 | 77 | 72 |
3 | 82 | 62 | 58 |
4 | 72 | 63 | 61 |
5 | 82 | 75 | 66 |
6 | 74 | 67 | 61 |
7 | 88 | 82 | 77 |
Average | 79.71 | 69.85 | 64.86 |
Drivers | Normal |
---|---|
1 | 60.26 |
2 | 69.50 |
3 | 66.35 |
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Irsan, M.; Hassan, R.; Hasan, M.K.; Lam, M.C.; Hussain, W.M.H.W.; Ibrahim, A.H.; Ahmed, A.S.A.M.S. A Novel Prototype for Safe Driving Using Embedded Smart Box System. Sensors 2022, 22, 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051907
Irsan M, Hassan R, Hasan MK, Lam MC, Hussain WMHW, Ibrahim AH, Ahmed ASAMS. A Novel Prototype for Safe Driving Using Embedded Smart Box System. Sensors. 2022; 22(5):1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051907
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrsan, Muhamad, Rosilah Hassan, Mohammad Khatim Hasan, Meng Chun Lam, Wan Mohd Hirwani Wan Hussain, Anwar Hassan Ibrahim, and Amjed Sid Ahmed Mohamed Sid Ahmed. 2022. "A Novel Prototype for Safe Driving Using Embedded Smart Box System" Sensors 22, no. 5: 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051907
APA StyleIrsan, M., Hassan, R., Hasan, M. K., Lam, M. C., Hussain, W. M. H. W., Ibrahim, A. H., & Ahmed, A. S. A. M. S. (2022). A Novel Prototype for Safe Driving Using Embedded Smart Box System. Sensors, 22(5), 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051907