Accuracy Type Test for Rogowski Coils Subjected to Distorted Signals, Temperature, Humidity, and Position Variations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Importance of Testing
2.1. Calibration Process
2.2. Modelling
2.3. Periodical Calibration
3. Measurement Setup
- A current source. The combination of the Fluke calibrator 6105 A and the transconductance 52120 A provides ideal or distorted currents. Such currents, referred to as Iref in Figure 1, are injected into both the devices under tests (DUTs) and the reference measurement device. The manufacturer of the calibrator and the transconductance guarantees an accuracy performance of 0.009% of output error and 0.002% of range error for frequencies between 10 Hz and 850 Hz, 0.04% of output error and 0.004% of range error for frequencies between 850 Hz and 6 kHz.
- A reference measurement device. The measurements collected from the DUTs are compared with those of a resistive current shunt. The device, which has been fully characterized vs. temperature and vs. frequency, features an overall 0.01% of uncertainty. The shunt has a full scale of 100 A, and it consists of a 1 mΩ resistor. The output voltage of the shunt is referred to as Vref (see Figure 1).
- A small note on the source and the reference: it is not strictly necessary to have both a reference source of current and a reference measurement device. Only one of them is sufficient to guarantee the traceability of the performed measurements. However, considering their availability, in this work both references have been used to ensure the accuracy level.
- A climatic chamber. It is a 550 L chamber, whose temperature can be varied between −40 °C and 180 °C (with an accuracy of 0.3 °C). Its relative humidity can be varied from 10% to 98% (with an accuracy between 1% and 3%) in the temperature range 10 °C to 95 °C. The chamber features two holes on the sides, which allow the user to insert power and communication cables.
- A set of three Rogowski coils (RCs). Each RC was made by a different manufacturer, but they all feature a 1% accuracy and a conversion ratio of 100 mV/1 kA. From now, they are referred to as R1, R2, and R3 for the sake of simplicity. The temperature ranges of the RCs are −20 °C to 70 °C, −40 °C to 80 °C, and −20 °C to 80 °C for R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Note, even the geometrical dimensions of the RCs are similar. They feature diameters between 8 cm and 10 cm. No other information is given by the manufacturers.
- A data acquisition (DAQ) system. The output voltage of the DUTs (Vr1, Vr2, and Vr3, for R1, R2, and R3, respectively) and Vref are collected by using a NI9238. The DAQ has a full scale of ±500 mV, which is suitable considering the RCs conversion ratios. As for its accuracy, the NI9238 has a gain error of ±0.07% and offset error of ±0.005%. Finally, other interesting features of the DAQ are a 24-bit converter, 50 kSa/s/ch, and 1 GΩ input impedance. All the collected data are then computed via Labview software to obtain the desired parameters.
4. Experimental Tests
4.1. Temperature and Humidity
4.2. Current Signals
4.3. DUT Positioning
4.4. Acquisition Details and Final Notes
5. Experimental Results
5.1. Results for H0 and T1 tests
5.2. Results for Positioning Tests T1 to T4
5.3. Effect on the Harmonic Evaluation
5.4. Type Test Definition
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Signal | THD (%) | Description |
---|---|---|
H0 | 0 | Pure 50 Hz signal |
H1 | 4.8 | H0 + 3rd, 11th, 17th, 23rd, and 35th |
H2 | 9.2 | H0 + H1 + all odd harmonics up to the 41st |
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Mingotti, A.; Costa, F.; Peretto, L.; Tinarelli, R. Accuracy Type Test for Rogowski Coils Subjected to Distorted Signals, Temperature, Humidity, and Position Variations. Sensors 2022, 22, 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041397
Mingotti A, Costa F, Peretto L, Tinarelli R. Accuracy Type Test for Rogowski Coils Subjected to Distorted Signals, Temperature, Humidity, and Position Variations. Sensors. 2022; 22(4):1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041397
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingotti, Alessandro, Federica Costa, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli. 2022. "Accuracy Type Test for Rogowski Coils Subjected to Distorted Signals, Temperature, Humidity, and Position Variations" Sensors 22, no. 4: 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041397
APA StyleMingotti, A., Costa, F., Peretto, L., & Tinarelli, R. (2022). Accuracy Type Test for Rogowski Coils Subjected to Distorted Signals, Temperature, Humidity, and Position Variations. Sensors, 22(4), 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041397