Acoustic and Thermal Characterization of Therapeutic Ultrasonic Langevin Transducers under Continuous- and Pulsed Wave Excitations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fabrication of Therapeutic Langevin Transducer
2.2. Continuous vs. Pulsed Waves
2.3. Electro-Acoustic Conversion Efficiency
2.4. Characterization of Acoustic Output
2.5. Examination of Thermal Effect on a Biological Specimen
3. Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Part | Material 3 | Sound Speed (m/s) | Density (kg/m3) | Acoustic Impedance (MRayls) | Axial Length (mm) | Inner Diameter (mm) | Outer Diameter (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central bolt | Stainless steel | 5920 | 8000 | 47 | 55 | - | 6.5 |
Tail mass | Stainless steel | 5920 | 8000 | 47 | 20 | 6.5 | 15 |
Piezoelectric element | Hard ceramic | 2791 | 7700 | 21 | 8 | 6.5 | 15 |
Front mass | Aluminum | 6375 | 2700 | 17 | 50 | 6.5 | 15 1 |
Auxiliary rod | Titanium | 4987 | 4430 | 22 | 60 | - | 6 2 |
Amplitude (VPP) 1 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duty Factor (%) 2 | ||||||
50 | 2.40 W/12.55% | 4.14 W/13.86% | 5.51 W/12.81% | 6.24 W/10.66% | 6.90 W/9.02% | |
60 | 3.26 W/14.21% | 5.63 W/15.71% | 6.07 W/11.76% | 8.36 W/11.90% | 8.97 W/9.77% | |
70 | 6.46 W/24.13% | 7.71 W/18.43% | 8.17 W/13.56% | 8.90 W/10.86% | 9.03 W/8.43% | |
80 | 6.28 W/20.53% | 7.83 W/16.38% | 8.58 W/12.46% | 8.87 W/9.50% | 9.71 W/7.93% | |
90 | 6.33 W/18.39% | 7.84 W/14.58% | 8.58 W/11.08% | 8.90 W/8.44% | 9.82 W/7.13% | |
CW | 4.80 W/12.55% | 7.81 W/13.07% | 8.74 W/10.16% | 8.95 W/7.64% | 9.73 W/6.36% |
CW | 100 VPP | 125 VPP | 150 VPP | 175 VPP | 200 VPP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bovine muscle | 34.2 °C | 34.5 °C | 43.2 °C | 48.8 °C | 51.3 °C |
Porcine tissue | 34.8 °C | 34.9 °C | 42.7 °C | 50.4 °C | 62.5 °C |
PW (70% duty factor) | 100 VPP | 125 VPP | 150 VPP | 175 VPP | 200 VPP |
Bovine muscle | 32.8 °C | 33.8 °C | 39.5 °C | 44.8 °C | 50.4 °C |
Porcine tissue | 33.3 °C | 33.9 °C | 35.1 °C | 44.9 °C | 55.0 °C |
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Kim, J.; Lee, J. Acoustic and Thermal Characterization of Therapeutic Ultrasonic Langevin Transducers under Continuous- and Pulsed Wave Excitations. Sensors 2022, 22, 9006. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22229006
Kim J, Lee J. Acoustic and Thermal Characterization of Therapeutic Ultrasonic Langevin Transducers under Continuous- and Pulsed Wave Excitations. Sensors. 2022; 22(22):9006. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22229006
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jinhyuk, and Jungwoo Lee. 2022. "Acoustic and Thermal Characterization of Therapeutic Ultrasonic Langevin Transducers under Continuous- and Pulsed Wave Excitations" Sensors 22, no. 22: 9006. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22229006