Methodology for Quantifying Volatile Compounds in a Liquid Mixture Using an Algorithm Combining B-Splines and Artificial Neural Networks to Process Responses of a Thermally Modulated Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Gas Sensor and Measuring System
2.2. Preparation of Samples for Analysis
2.3. Experiment Design
2.4. Gas Sensor Output Signal Processing
2.5. Development of an Artificial Neural Network Model
2.6. Statistical Assessment of ANNE-A Model Performance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Dynamic Response Signal of Gas Components
3.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses
3.3. Artificial Neural Network Modeling
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Network Parameters | Artificial Neural Network MLP 8-4-2 |
---|---|
Number of observation points (total) | 169 |
Learning | 119 |
Test | 25 |
Validation | 25 |
Activation functions in hidden layer | Tanh |
Activation functions in output layer | Lin |
Learning error | 0.00076 |
Test error | 0.00050 |
Validation error | 0.00127 |
Learning accuracy | 0.9999 |
Test accuracy | 0.9999 |
Validation accuracy | 0.9998 |
Statistical Index | Model ANNE-A | |
---|---|---|
Ethanol | Acetone | |
Coefficient of determination (R2) | 0.9994 | 0.9997 |
Root mean square error (RMSE) | 0.000014 | 0.000007 |
Mean absolute error (MAE) | 0.001832 | 0.001570 |
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Wawrzyniak, J. Methodology for Quantifying Volatile Compounds in a Liquid Mixture Using an Algorithm Combining B-Splines and Artificial Neural Networks to Process Responses of a Thermally Modulated Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor. Sensors 2022, 22, 8959. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228959
Wawrzyniak J. Methodology for Quantifying Volatile Compounds in a Liquid Mixture Using an Algorithm Combining B-Splines and Artificial Neural Networks to Process Responses of a Thermally Modulated Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor. Sensors. 2022; 22(22):8959. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228959
Chicago/Turabian StyleWawrzyniak, Jolanta. 2022. "Methodology for Quantifying Volatile Compounds in a Liquid Mixture Using an Algorithm Combining B-Splines and Artificial Neural Networks to Process Responses of a Thermally Modulated Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor" Sensors 22, no. 22: 8959. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228959