Self-Sustainable Biomedical Devices Powered by RF Energy: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The widespread availability of RF energy makes it suitable to supply sustainable energy for various biomedical devices when compared with other energy harvesting technologies such as thermal, solar, and vibration.
- Unlike solar, RFEH is a cost-effective technology and can be used to power the IMDs.
- In comparison with solar, kinetic, and thermal energy, RFEH does not depend on the light source, body motion, or temperature.
Reference | Energy source | Power density | Efficiency (%) | Advantage | Bottleneck |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[30,31] | Perovskite solar cells | 35.0 W/cm | 25.2 | Flexible and lightweight; suitable for wearable applications | Require light |
[32,33,34,35] | Thermoelectric | Human: 100 W/cm Industrial: 100 mW/cm | 10–15 | Cost-effective technology; does not require body motion or light | Low power source |
[36,37] | Acoustic | 1.436 mW/cm at 123 dB | 0.012 | Require minimum maintenance; suitable to be used in remote or inaccessible locations | Hard to capture energy from the sounds wave source |
[35,38,39,40] | Pyroelectric | 3.5 W/cm at the temperature rate of 85 °C/s Hz | 1–3.5 | Cost-effective technology; ubiquitous and serves as a low-grade waste | Low output power |
[41,42,43] | Piezoelectric | 29.2 W/mm | 83.3 | Does not require RF waves or light | low power source; require body activity |
[44,45,46] | Biofuel cells | 3.7 mW cm | 86 | The integration of the power module and sensing module results in better compactness; does not require RF waves, body activity, or light | The analyte concentration influences the power density |
[47,48] | Triboelectric | 2.5 W/m | —— | Simple fabrication process and low cost | low power source; require body activity |
[38] | RFEH | GSM: 0.1 W/cm WiFi: 0.01 W/cm | 50–70 | Does not require light or body motion and is continuously available | Low output power; distant dependent |
2. RF Energy Harvesting Principles
2.1. Antenna Design and Characteristics for RF Energy Harvesting
2.1.1. Wearable Antenna Design for RF Energy Harvesting
2.1.2. Implantable Antenna Design for RF Energy Harvesting
2.2. Impedance Matching Network
2.3. Rectifier Circuit Design and Topologies
3. RF Energy Harvesting Application in Medical Devices
3.1. RF Energy Harvesting for Wearable Medical Devices
3.1.1. Wearable Inkjet-Printed RF Energy Harvester
3.1.2. Textile-Based Wearable RF Energy Harvester
3.1.3. Stretchable and Flexible RF Energy Harvester
3.1.4. Discussion
- The efficiency of the system determined by the suitable range and operating frequency;
- The design and integration of an appropriate rectifier circuit by evaluating the required output power and input sensitivity;
- The integration of a compact matching network for maximum power transfer independent of input power, frequency, or load change;
- The received signal strength is dependent on the design of an antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth;
- The design of a flexible and lightweight rectenna, capable of harvesting RF power from numerous RF sources, distributed randomly in the space;
- The antenna used in the wearable rectenna design should withstand various mechanical deformations such as stretching, bending, rolling, and twisting.
3.2. RF Energy Harvesting for Implantable Medical Devices
3.2.1. Near Field
3.2.2. Midfield
3.2.3. Far Field
3.2.4. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Features | Resonant Coupling | Inductive Coupling | Far-Field Transfer |
---|---|---|---|
Field | Resonance | Magnetic method | Electromagnetic |
Scheme | Resonator | Coil | Antenna |
Efficiency | High | High | Low to high |
Distance | Medium | Short | Short to long |
Frequency | KHz to MHz | KHz to MHz | GHz |
Power | High | High | Low to high |
Typical load | Fixed impedance | Varying impedance | Fixed impedance |
Regulation | Under discussion | Under discussion | Radio wave |
Pros | Medium efficiency in a short distance | High efficiency | Long distance |
Cons | Difficulties in preserving high Q | Very short distance | Low efficiency and safety issues |
Reference | Antenna Type | Size | Substrate | Gain (dBi) | Frequency (GHz) | SAR (1 g Average) W/Kg | PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[83] | Implantable dual-band miniaturized circular antenna | 10.8 mm | Rogers RO 3210 | −23.2 | 0.42–0.91 | 0.36 | 58 |
[94] | Implantable slot antenna array | 30 × 30 mm | Rogers 3010 | −26 | 0.915 | 175 | 50 |
[95] | Silicon Carbide implantable antenna | 4.5 × 4.5 mm | Semi insulating (4H-SiC) | —- | 10 | —— | 47.4 |
[96] | Quad-Band Implantable Antenna | 8.43 mm | RO3010 | –34, –29.6, –28.2, –22.4 | 0.403, 0.915, 0.147, 2.4 | 0.87 | 0.67 |
[97] | Broadband Implantable Antenna | 91.44 mm | Rogers 6010 | –32, –34 | 0.72–1.504 | 921 | —— |
[98] | Compacted Conformal Implantable Antenna | 48.98 mm | Rogers ULTRALAM | −30.8, −19.7, −18.7 | 0.402, 0.915, 1.2 | 293.7 | —— |
[99] | Broadband Substrate-Independent Textile Wearable Antenna | 0.312 × 0.312 | Felt and Polycotton | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.52 | 40 |
[100] | A circular microstrip patch wearable antenna | 42.92 × 42.92 mm | Duroid 6010LM | —— | 2.45 | — | 25.5 |
[101] | Wearable Bandenna | 35 mm (outer radius) | silicone | 5 | 2.45 | —— | —— |
[102] | Folded Dipole Wearable Antenna | 0.212 × 0.212 | Kapton | −0.3 | 0.94 | —— | 78.5 |
Reference | Biomedical Device | Size | Power Consumption | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|
[109] | Pulse oximeter | 38.69 cm | 294 mW | Measures the oxygen saturation level |
[109] | Hearing aid | 2.45 cm | 1.82 mW | Amplifies the sound for the patient with hearing loss |
[110] | Cochlear implant | 9.58 × 9.23 mm | 100–2000 W | Stimulates the cochlear nerve electrically |
[109] | Pacemaker IC | 4.9 cm | 0.28 mW | Monitors heart rate |
[111] | Drug pump for ophthalmic use | 9.9 × 7.7 × 1.8 mm | 400 W | Controls drug delivery |
[112] | Neural activity monitoring recorder | 3 × 3.5 mm | 1–10 mW | Records brain activities |
[109] | Combo insulin pump | 97.61 cm | 15 mW | Delivers insulin using an insulin pump while also monitoring blood glucose levels and giving bolus instructions using a blood glucose meter |
[113] | Wireless intraocular pressure monitor | 0.5 × 1.5 × 2 mm | 3.65 nW | Frequent measurement of intraocular pressure |
[114] | Health monitoring sensor on wristband | —— | 0.83 mW | Monitors chronic respiratory disease |
[109] | Wireless EKG system | 40.13 cm | 60 mW | Monitors and records vital signs and cardiac information |
[115] | Electrocardiogram amplifier | —— | 2.76 W | Transforms the weak electrical signals from the heart into signals that can be transmitted to a monitoring system. |
[114] | Electronic-nose sensor system | —— | 250 W | Connected to a pattern-recognition system that responds to odors passing over it |
[114] | Spirometer | 6 × 6 mm | 0.01 mW | Measures FEV1, PEF, and FVC |
[116] | Cardiac activity sensing | 6 mm | 0.3 W | Monitors vital signs |
[117] | Retinal prostheses | Diameter = 3mm Pixel size = 25 M | 250 mV | Stimulates the retina |
[114] | ECG chest patch | 84 × 39 × 8.3 mm | 0.96 mW | Measures electrocardiogram ECG, skin impedance, photoplethysmography (PPG), motion, and acoustic signals |
Reference | Wearable Device | Distance From the Source (m) | Frequency (GHz) | Input Power (dBm) | Harvested Voltage (V) | Max PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[62] | Wearable rectenna array | 1.5 | 2.45 | −40-0 | 1.05 | —— |
[144] | Fully-autonomous integrated RFEH system | 1 | 0.9, 1.8, 2.45 | −15 | 3 | —— |
[161] | Dual-band front-end RF energy harvester | —— | 0.915, 1.8 | −33 | 1 | 44 |
[130] | Wearable RFEH from a two-way talk radio | 0.07 | 0.464 | 17.185 | 17.87 | 82.5 |
[162] | RF energy harvester system to charge wearable devices | 0.65 | 5.2 | 20 | 6.1 | 67 |
[63] | Textile rectenna for wearable power harvesting | 1.2 | 0.82 | −20 | 1 | 41.8 |
[163] | Sub-1 GHz wearable textile rectenna | 1.8 | 0.915 | 10 | 3.2 | 38 |
[61] | Single-thread RFEH wearable rectenna | —— | 0.915 | 0 | 1.8 | 55 |
[143] | Dual-polarized wearable rectenna | —— | 2.4 | 2 | 4.2 | 74 |
[164] | Fixable metamaterial-based RF energy harvester | —— | 5.8 | 12 | 0.00298 | 98 |
Reference | Implantable Device | Method | Test Model | Size | Frequency (GHz) | Depth | Transfer Distance | Output Power | PTE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[200] | Wireless charging system for an implanted capsule robot | Near field | Human torso | Diameter: 1 cm Length: 2 cm | 0.0003 | —— | —— | 1 W | 10 |
[84] | A Dual-Band Implantable Rectenna | Near field | Minced Pork | 16 × 14 × 1.27 mm | 0.915 | 1 | 50 cm | 25 W | 0.006 |
[201] | Implantable wireless optogenetic device | Near field | Mouse tissue | 10 mm | 1.5 | 3 | —— | 15.7 mW | 0.5 |
[202] | Implantable loop antennas | Near field | Minced pork | 20 × 10.5 mm | 0.433 | 3 | —— | 1 mW | 0.1 |
[85] | WPT system for multipurpose biomedical implants | Mid field | Minced pork | 9.4 mm | 1.47 | 5.5 | 60 mm | 10.7 mW | 1.07 |
[165] | Bioelectronic microdevices | Mid field | Porcine animal | 12 mm | 1.6 | 4 | 4.5 | 0.45 mW | 0.06 |
[191] | Broadband high-efficiency rectifier | Mid field | Porcine animal | 16 × 11 mm | 1.5 | 5.5 | 55 mm | 0.9 mW | 0.56 |
[183] | Midfield WPT for Deep-Tissue Biomedical Implants | Mid field | Minced pork | 93.6 mm | 1.5 | 4.5 | 55 mm | 5.6 mW | 0.56 |
[203] | Multichannel passive neurosensing system | Mid field | Pig Skin | 1632 mm | 2.4 | 0.25 | 2.5 mm | 0.6 mW | 15 |
[194] | Implantable rectenna | Far field | Minced pork | 4 × 8 mm | 2.45 | 0.3 | 50 mm | 1 W | 0.007 |
[195] | Implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems | Far field | Mouse tissue | 2 mm | 2.34 | 0.5 | —— | 0.1 mW | —— |
[65] | Epidermal RF power harvester | Far field | Skin | 2160 mm | 1 | —— | 1.5 m | 32 mW | 0.2 |
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Yahya Alkhalaf, H.; Yazed Ahmad, M.; Ramiah, H. Self-Sustainable Biomedical Devices Powered by RF Energy: A Review. Sensors 2022, 22, 6371. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176371
Yahya Alkhalaf H, Yazed Ahmad M, Ramiah H. Self-Sustainable Biomedical Devices Powered by RF Energy: A Review. Sensors. 2022; 22(17):6371. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176371
Chicago/Turabian StyleYahya Alkhalaf, Hussein, Mohd Yazed Ahmad, and Harikrishnan Ramiah. 2022. "Self-Sustainable Biomedical Devices Powered by RF Energy: A Review" Sensors 22, no. 17: 6371. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176371