A Novel Remote Sensing Image Registration Algorithm Based on Feature Using ProbNet-RANSAC
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A semi-automatic method of creating training data for remote sensing image registration was proposed that could greatly reduce the workload of labeling and make it possible to train a deep convolutional neural network.
- We derived the model estimation based on RANSAC from a probability perspective, and a deep convolutional neural network of ProbNet was built to evaluate the quality of corresponding feature points according to probability.
- We used the probability generated by ProbNet to guide the sampling of a minimum set of RANSAC, which could acquire a more accurate transformation model.
2. Methodology
2.1. The Whole Workflow of Image Registration Based on Feature by Using ProbNet-Ransac
2.2. The Pipeline of Geometric Transformation Model Estimation Based on ProbNet-Ransac
2.2.1. The Architecture of Deep Convolution Neural Network (ProbNet)
2.2.2. The Optimization of ProbNet
3. Experiment and Results
3.1. The Generation of Training Data
- The generation of remote sensing image pairs. The Level-1C products of Sentinel-2 and Level-2 products of Landsat-8 remote sensing images were used as image sources. Firstly, we manually downloaded the Sentinel-2 images from the Copernicus Open Access Hub. Secondly, for each Sentinel-2 image, we used the python script to automatically download the corresponding Landsat-8 image according to the coordinates of latitude and longitude of the Sentinel-2 image. Finally, we cropped the common area of the pair of images by using the GDAL [30] and divided the common area into image tiles with a size of pixels. Each pair of image tiles was aligned due to the Level-1C products of Sentinel-2 and Level-2 products of Landsat-8 having been rigorously geometrically corrected.
- The generation of corresponding feature points. For each pair of image tiles, we regarded the Landsat-8 image tile as a reference image, and then randomly scaled, rotated, and shifted the Sentinel-2 image tile to mimic the geometrical deformation between the image pairs and regarded the transformed tile as a sensed image. The value of the scaling, rotation, and displacement formed a homography matrix H. The range of rotation was , and the range of scaling was , and the range of shift was pixels. After the generation of the reference and sensed image pairs, we used the SIFT algorithm from the VLFeat MATLAB library [29] to detect feature points from each image and match them to acquire the putative corresponding feature points. Then we used the ratio of the nearest-to-second-nearest descriptor distance to filter out obviously wrong correspondence points in order to acquire the fine feature corresponding sets. The threshold of ratio was set to . The fine corresponding point set for each pair of images was regarded as a sample of the training data, and its label was the homography matrix H. The number of corresponding feature points was different for each pair of images due to the difference between image contents.
3.2. The Details of Training of ProbNet
3.3. Qualitative Experiment
3.4. Quantitative Experiments
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Qualitative Experiment
4.2. Analysis of Quantitative Experiment
4.3. The Effects of Loss Function of ProbNet
4.4. The Initialization of ProbNet
4.5. The Efficiency of ProbNet Ransac
5. Conclusions
- The proposed method could effectively register different remote sensing images; its registration result was satisfactory by the checkerboard visualization of images after registration, and it should be generalizable to other optical remote sensing images.
- Regarding the three different task losses including reprojection error, the negative F1 score, and the negative number of inliers, the minimized reprojection error would bias ProbNet towards a smaller number of inliers, while a negative number of inliers or a negative F1 score could effectively optimize ProbNet.
- To accelerate the training of ProbNet, a special initialization of ProbNet was conducted by minimizing the Kullback-–Leibler divergence between the ground accuracy probability distribution and predicted probability distribution for each corresponding feature point. After 3000 epochs, the predicted probability was a good approximation to the ground accuracy probability.
- Regarding the measures of InlierRatio, Precision, Recall, and F1 score, the proposed methods trained by minimizing the negative number of inliers or negative F1 score had significant advantages over the other three popular methods including vanilla RANSAC, ProSAC RANSAC, and LMeds RANSAC. However, for the measures of Mean Error, Median Error, and RMSE, the advantages of the proposed method diminished due to these measures being calculated for their respective inliers; the number of inliers of the proposed methods were the largest. This was also supported by the experiment of minimizing the task loss of reprojection error, and the smaller number of inliers also led to a decrease in the reprojection error.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dong, Y.; Liang, C.; Zhao, C. A Novel Remote Sensing Image Registration Algorithm Based on Feature Using ProbNet-RANSAC. Sensors 2022, 22, 4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134791
Dong Y, Liang C, Zhao C. A Novel Remote Sensing Image Registration Algorithm Based on Feature Using ProbNet-RANSAC. Sensors. 2022; 22(13):4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134791
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Yunyun, Chenbin Liang, and Changjun Zhao. 2022. "A Novel Remote Sensing Image Registration Algorithm Based on Feature Using ProbNet-RANSAC" Sensors 22, no. 13: 4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134791
APA StyleDong, Y., Liang, C., & Zhao, C. (2022). A Novel Remote Sensing Image Registration Algorithm Based on Feature Using ProbNet-RANSAC. Sensors, 22(13), 4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134791