Fault Detection in the MSW Incineration Process Using Stochastic Configuration Networks and Case-Based Reasoning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fault Description of MSW Incineration Process
3. Fault Detection Model for MSW Incineration Process
3.1. SCN-LPM Method
- (1)
- Constructing sample set. Ck is a subset of sample set C that represents some kinds of real data. M is an n-dimensional extractor that can map Ck to its characteristic space Fk. Namely:
- (2)
- Training SCN. The SCN model is trained with a training sample set. The selection of SCNs should consider the structure of the network; that is, the number of nodes in the input layer and output layer as well as the number of neurons in the hidden layer are determined. Document [32] describes the determination method, which is described as follows:
3.2. Fault Detection Model Based on SCN-CBR
3.2.1. Model Structure and Function
3.2.2. Fault Detection Algorithms
- (1)
- Constructing case base. The problem descriptions and solutions of target case Xp+1 and source case Ck are normalized and expressed as an eigenvector form in binary tuples to form p source cases, which are stored in the case base. Each source case is recorded as . It can be expressed in the form of binary tuples as follows:
- (2)
- Case retrieval based on SCN-LPM. The input variable of the target case Xp+1 and the input variable of the source case Xk(k = 1, 2, …, p) are composed of p input pairs, namely:Then, p YNN(Xp+1, Xk) can be obtained according to the SCN-LPM method. According to A1 of the four metrics in Section 3.1, K source cases similar to the target case Xp+1 can be obtained.
- (3)
- Case reuse. According to the KNN rule, the number of categories corresponding to the K source cases retrieved is counted, and the category with a large number is taken as the suggested category .
- (4)
- Case revision. When evaluating the suggested category , if the evaluation is unsuccessful, the classification results need to be revised to obtain the correct category .
- (5)
- Case storage. Target case and corrected category are stored in the case base to form a new case. So far, the number of source cases has been from p→p+1, and the CBR problem solving process is completed.
3.3. Algorithmic Steps
4. Experimental Study
4.1. Experimental Parameters
4.2. Performance Testing
4.2.1. Stability
4.2.2. Robustness
4.3. Contrast Experiments
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- A learning pseudo metric method based on SCN was constructed. First, the sample set was constructed according to the Cartesian product. Then, the pseudo metric criterion was defined. Finally, according to the training sample set and the defined pseudo metric criteria, the SCN learning model was trained, and a new learning pseudo metric method was obtained.
- (2)
- A fault detection model based on SCN-CBR was constructed. The similarity measurement method based on SCN-LPM was applied to the retrieval stage of CBR, and a fault detection model of the waste incineration process based on SCN-CBR was established.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serial Number | Fault Type | Influence Factor |
---|---|---|
1 | Leakage of super-heater | boiler drum water level x1, feed pump outlet total flow x2, primary and secondary super-heater cooling water flow x3, boiler outlet main steam flow x4, three-stage super-heater inlet flue gas temperature x6, three-stage super-heater outlet steam pressure x7, protective pipe inlet flue gas temperature x8, evaporator inlet flue gas temperature x9. |
2 | Leakage of economizer |
Serial Number | Fault Type | Influence Factor |
---|---|---|
1 | Horizontal flue ash deposit | boiler outlet main steam flow x4, furnace negative pressure x5, three-stage super-heater inlet flue gas temperature x6, protective pipe inlet flue gas temperature x8, evaporator inlet flue gas temperature x9, flue gas temperature of economizer import x10. |
2 | Slagging in horizontal flue |
Serial Number | Fault Type | Influence Factor |
---|---|---|
1 | Furnace coking | furnace temperature x11, air flow rate of grate in drying section x12, air flow rate of grate in combustion section I x13, air flow rate of grate in combustion section II x14, air flow rate of grate in burning section x15, secondary air flow x16, exit flue gas temperature of economizer x17. |
2 | Slagging discharge is not smooth |
Input Pairs | Training Set | Testing Set | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A1) | (A2) | (A3) | (A4) | (A1) | (A2) | (A3) | (A4) | |
1000 | 96.57 | 95.24 | 91.30 | 89.34 | 96.34 | 89.02 | 95.23 | 86.24 |
4000 | 97.32 | 96.02 | 92.05 | 89.57 | 97.48 | 88.53 | 95.17 | 85.49 |
8000 | 96.81 | 95.67 | 91.84 | 89.25 | 96.01 | 89.74 | 95.46 | 86.02 |
12,000 | 97.29 | 95.38 | 91.79 | 88.36 | 96.27 | 88.36 | 95.12 | 87.10 |
16,000 | 95.75 | 96.35 | 90.96 | 89.02 | 95.51 | 88.68 | 96.04 | 86.28 |
20,000 | 96.04 | 95.39 | 91.38 | 88.43 | 97.30 | 89.12 | 95.85 | 86.93 |
Average value | 96.63 | 95.68 | 91.55 | 89.00 | 96.49 | 88.91 | 95.48 | 86.34 |
Standard deviation | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.54 |
Coefficient variation | 0.61% | 0.41% | 0.41% | 0.51% | 0.72% | 0.52% | 0.37% | 0.63% |
Interference Factors | Classification Accuracy Rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fault 1 | Fault 2 | Fault 3 | Fault 4 | Fault 5 | Fault 6 | |
1 | 88.30 | 81.02 | 99.89 | 73.09 | 85.61 | 76.41 |
2 | 88.01 | 79.90 | 99.87 | 73.11 | 85.90 | 76.82 |
3 | 87.02 | 80.49 | 99.91 | 72.98 | 85.99 | 76.30 |
4 | 88.52 | 80.32 | 99.74 | 72.71 | 86.11 | 76.41 |
5 | 88.41 | 80.02 | 99.93 | 72.52 | 85.89 | 76.90 |
6 | 87.89 | 79.77 | 99.96 | 72.70 | 85.78 | 77.01 |
7 | 87.78 | 80.19 | 99.81 | 72.92 | 85.78 | 76.52 |
8 | 88.01 | 80.91 | 99.83 | 72.65 | 85.62 | 76.20 |
9 | 86.90 | 80.43 | 99.85 | 72.53 | 85.81 | 76.80 |
10 | 86.90 | 80.50 | 99.87 | 72.90 | 85.89 | 76.89 |
Average value | 87.77 | 80.36 | 99.87 | 72.81 | 85.84 | 76.63 |
Standard deviation | 0.62 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.29 |
Coefficient variation | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.06% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.4% |
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Ding, C.; Yan, A. Fault Detection in the MSW Incineration Process Using Stochastic Configuration Networks and Case-Based Reasoning. Sensors 2021, 21, 7356. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217356
Ding C, Yan A. Fault Detection in the MSW Incineration Process Using Stochastic Configuration Networks and Case-Based Reasoning. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):7356. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217356
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Chenxi, and Aijun Yan. 2021. "Fault Detection in the MSW Incineration Process Using Stochastic Configuration Networks and Case-Based Reasoning" Sensors 21, no. 21: 7356. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217356