Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) for Deformation Assessment of Composite Collectors and Pipelines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structural Health Monitoring of the Pipelines
3. Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing
3.1. Operation Rules
3.2. Optical Fibres for Strain Measurements
3.3. Fibre Optic Sensors for Geotechnics and Civil Engineering Applications
4. Laboratory Research
4.1. Description of the Specimens
4.2. Measurement Station and Course of the Study
4.3. Example Measurement Results
4.3.1. Strains Distributions
4.3.2. Displacement Analysis
- —curvature;
- —radius of curvature;
- —displacement.
- uv—displacement profile (mm) over measuring length;
- εI—strain profile [με] over internal measuring length;
- εE—strain profile [με] over external measuring length;
- t—wall thickness [mm] (distance between optical fibres);
- b—spatial resolution [mm] (base length of individual sensors over length);
- bc—boundary conditions (e.g., initial displacement and rotation angle or displacements in two known locations).
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The novelty of presented measurement approach lies in the possibility of parallel calculations of displacements (changes in shape) with satisfying accuracy directly based on measured strain profiles.
- (2)
- (3)
- Data were compared with independent reference technique and numerical simulations, obtaining very good compliance. Mean error level was less than 0.2 mm. Thus, the efficiency of the proposed method for DFOS data post-processing was confirmed.
- (4)
- Application of distributed fibre optic sensors allows to obtain comprehensive knowledge about the deformation state of the collectors and pipelines. This knowledge includes not only structural strains, but also displacements and could be successfully used for assessment of structural condition.
- (5)
- Because of the extremely low diameter of optical fibres only in their primary coatings, compared to the size of composite structural members, such fibres can be integrated inside the composite laminates during their production process [42]. This will allow for creating smart structures able for auto-diagnosis [34].
- (6)
- Due to the very low costs of fibre optic sensors and their advantages over conventional spot techniques, it is recommended to equip safety-critical pipelines with this type of measurement solution. Measurements could be performed during construction, repair works and further operation of the collectors modernised with GFRP panels.
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. of Load Step | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Force [kN] | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
DFOS displ. [mm] | 0.00 | 2.17 | 5.06 | 8.31 | 10.67 | 15.22 | 17.65 |
Ref. displ. [mm] | 0.00 | 2.70 | 5.44 | 8.17 | 11.06 | 14.95 | 17.21 |
FEM displ. [mm] | 0.00 | 2.21 | 5.02 | 7.99 | 10.90 | 14.30 | 17.70 |
Diff. (REF—DFOS) [mm] | 0.00 | 0.38 | −0.14 | 0.39 | −0.27 | −0.44 | 0.38 |
Diff. (FEM—DFOS) [mm] | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.32 | 0.23 | −0.92 | 0.05 | −0.04 |
Mean error (REF—FDOS) [mm] | 0.08 | ||||||
Stdv. (REF—DFOS) [mm] | 0.37 | ||||||
Mean error (FEM—FDOS) [mm] | −0.16 | ||||||
Stdv. (FEM—DFOS) [mm] | 0.38 |
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Bednarz, B.; Popielski, P.; Sieńko, R.; Howiacki, T.; Bednarski, Ł. Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) for Deformation Assessment of Composite Collectors and Pipelines. Sensors 2021, 21, 5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175904
Bednarz B, Popielski P, Sieńko R, Howiacki T, Bednarski Ł. Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) for Deformation Assessment of Composite Collectors and Pipelines. Sensors. 2021; 21(17):5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175904
Chicago/Turabian StyleBednarz, Bartosz, Paweł Popielski, Rafał Sieńko, Tomasz Howiacki, and Łukasz Bednarski. 2021. "Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) for Deformation Assessment of Composite Collectors and Pipelines" Sensors 21, no. 17: 5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175904
APA StyleBednarz, B., Popielski, P., Sieńko, R., Howiacki, T., & Bednarski, Ł. (2021). Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) for Deformation Assessment of Composite Collectors and Pipelines. Sensors, 21(17), 5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175904